Sunday, March 31, 2019

Photography boundaries and uses

Photography boundaries and usesPhotography from its very beginning served in a beneficial manner to democratize delineation, expanding its boundaries and traditional uses. It no longer remained as an exclusive privilege of the aristocracy, the only class to afford it. By expanding its periphery, flickgraphic depicting not only complicated its function, but raised some(prenominal) intriguing issues in the new domains it spread to. By far, it complicated issues of identity operator and self-representation. Portraiture which was a means of re-asserting hearty status now open up up questions of sexual activity, sexuality, and ethnicity.So how did portraiture over pass off its narrow boundaries? It is important for us here, to trace a brief history of the creation of identity in photographic portraiture because our modern vision of constructing identities has important historical precedents. The training of photographic portraiture occurs at a unique point in history the clock of the Industrial Revolution in Europe and America. It and then coincided with the ascendency of the middle class into the domains of finance and culture. The newly acquired wealth of the middle class was spent lavishly on all kinds of goods, by and large in a way to emulate the lifestyle of the aristocracy. Just as a agent would inscribe his victory pillar with his achieve custodyts to stand against the tide of time, the newly emerging capitalisticie and so oned their arrival on the photographic paper. It is to be borne in mind that portraits were eternally meant for public display and enter into a duologue with the world at large, even when they were limited to private consumption. Representing their opulent lifestyle in the portraits, the bourgeoisie at one stroke could visually back their affable status to the world at large, as well as pose a constant challenge to the aristocratic monopoly of signs. Photographic portraiture during this time (mid 19th degree Celsiu s) could fundamentally be divided into the bourgeois family photo and individuals (men) of great success (not those who enjoy greater rights and privileges due to high birth). This clear demarcated the private and the public sphere of the bourgeoisie. The middle-class ideals of the family and success were comprehensively tempered in the photographic studios of the major cities where, the bourgeois clay was situated inwardly a network of cultural, social and ideological relations. Through these discourses between the body and the camera, a deterrent example icon was being cultivated. There began to emerge a set of codes vis--vis posture, expression, lighting, dress, etc which were evoking a middle-class cultural ideal. These were aimed to be an inspirational and moral source for the working classes. It was in the portrait of the family that struggles over representation of gender and interaction between the sexes began to peek its head. Although during Enlightenment there was a public climate of liberty and equality and a general freedom for the fair sex, it was oppose by a large majority of manly thinkers. Historically profound writings of Rousseau and studies in the Encyclopaedia of the latter half of the 18th century conclude on the basis of fe male biological dispositions, that women are nonequivalent but complementary partner of men, the destiny of women is to lay down children and substantiate them. The emerging middle-class reformers and professionals by the 19th century had idealized the social system of family and pre-disposed social roles on the basis of gender, through the field of science, fashionable literature, sermons, etc. Let us analyze this photo belonging to the 1850s to further exposit this view. A typical Victorian elderly couple is be in the centre of the frame. The husband is facing the camera with a rather herculean authority which comes through in his intent vision. He is in the front, sit down on a chair, and it is ev ident that he assumes full control of decision-making in the family. His wife on the other hand, comes across as a slim dutiful figure on the back. It appears as if in reality, she is relegated to the background, almost without any assertive power in the family unit. It is this system of differences the camera captures that underlines the textured fabric of dominant social relations. The creation of identity in photographic portraiture is thus anchored firmly in a set of economic, political and social underpinnings. In the idealized Victorian family photo below, the family unit is presented in a ritualized display, oddly superficial in content and with the hierarchy of the domestic cult being apparently visible. The photo is of Sir Ric gravid Strachey, a colonial administrator, soldier, botanist and maneuver and his family engaged in a parlour game. In the other family photo, the male figure is seen to enact the role of the family-head, whose expressions and gestures are careful ly rooted in the middle-class ideological terrain. The wife is a rather subdued entity. With resistless children on display by their postures and bound to each other by cords of reciprocal love and obligation, the members of the family typified a whole new payload to a domestic ideal. The space within which they were placed to photographed most a good deal i.e. the photographers studio went a long way in reinforcing their social identities. It was basically a fabricated space, with various props for various occasions. Carefully adapted according to needs, it served as the bourgeois drawing room, the balcony, and the like they were symbols of middle-class fun and leisure. Dotted with objects of art and cultivated taste, these spaces had the potential of conveying the bourgeois milieu.With the bourgeois coming into prominence and replacing the aristocracy of the Ancien Regime, it was time that photography brought into the domains of profile those so far neglected, not represente d those invisible. It was due to surveillance, almost, that the colonized subjects with their lucid otherness or in other words ethnicity, and the labouring classes ride the capitalist machinery, came into the visual sphere. One of the striking features at a look is how these classes are represented they are made to confront the camera, almost come to terms with its gaze. The blunt frontality shows a complete lack of sophistication which is markedly different from the cultivated asymmetries of the bourgeois pose. This middle-class awareness, that the body when carefully positioned always served as a cultural and class signifier, explains why they were never in conflict with the camera. -How has then modern contemporary photography dealt with the issue of identity in terms of gender, the public or private self or even sexuality? One of the significant changes which had occurred through the passage of time was the representation of women in photography. Be it in the workplace or on private dining table, images of women changed radically being more assertive, independent. They had over time, gained social and political rights and were enacting various roles at the same time the professional, the wife, the mother and the like. thereof representation of women in the workplace became an intense subject, especially during the time of Margaret Thatcher in Britain. But with unemployment rising to unprecedented levels during the 1980s, photography revealed shocking truths. It was found that women were mostly employed in low-paid professions or part time and faced some(prenominal) discriminatory practices with regard to class, gender and ethnicity at the workplace.In 1986-87, Rhonda Wilson presenting an oppositional view through her images, produced a striking series of work- drawing in heavily from popular imagery and signs and underlined with satire. In the photo below, which exploits the format of the beauty contest with sashes and high pedestals, women with the worst weekly income levels are presented as iii winners. They are represented in their professional capacities with each one holding props related to to their work. Their expressions clearly reveal the irony. Thus it brought to the forefront important questions of womens role in the modern society and also in the male-dominated workplace. It also revealed the sexual element of labour i.e. traditional feminine occupations being grossly underpaid. In other interesting take on the subject is Debbie Humphreys project of the 1990s grammatical gender Crossings focussing on relationships between the sexes in the workplace. The women in this series of images, have disregarded the so-called gender boundaries and entered the domain of mens work. These women blend in with their male counterparts and have strangely subdued femininity. In the image below, we see three employees in a typical office environment. At a glance, it is hard to identify that the central figure is a pistil late due to her cropped hair, carefully crossed arms to conceal the breast and her typically male attire. The woman is flanked by one male colleague on either side who seem to be quite comfortable in presenting themselves in the occurrence environment. Standing firmly these men appear as intimidating to the womanish colleague, whose posture and expression testify to the fact. The picture raises important questions of why the female has chosen a male dress-code. Is it to be at par with the men in the profession? To legitimise her presence? In any case, the power structure of the place is clearly shown.Issues of representation become more intricate when this woman professional also has to run the household. In Jacqueline Sarsbys photo-documentary series on the agricultural labour she portrays this dual role of ordinary working women in small English farms.

Looking At Discipline Investigation Report

Looking At Discipline investigating ReportAs any wizard encounter a new profession, they dont necessary induce it out the rules, the piece of writing drives, or the traditions yet. In this assignment and the course of this paper, I leave behind investigate the conversation community I hope to join profession each(prenominal)y and understand how it works. The purpose of this assignment is to help understand the importance of music genre in term of divers(prenominal) discourse community. Furthermore, it will reinforce the ground of ways writing differs among from one genre to another. The discourse community I go through chosen is System Engineering (ISE). The survey of ISE is rather prominent and thus I will be focusing on in general the lend chain aspect of the champaign. To conduct this analysis, I will be looking over both source of text related to the field of System Engineering and give out its rhetorical issues, content, structure, and its vogue language. In addition, I had a chance to interview a soul whom is in the field and briefly will discuss on the type of writing the person does as well.INTERVIEW SUMMARYThe person I interviewed is utilize at a company who produces semiconductor and supplies to all type of industries worldwide. The person has been employed for the company for about five to six years. He started out as an intern, exactly today is working full time. He has a course of job functions within the company, so there is no solid concern for the position he is in. However, after interviewing him, I was able to get a view of what he does.After sitting down and discussing some of the writing he does in his work, I got a bit of a naive realism shock. In many ways, I always assumed that the field he was in involved slew of writing, but this was far from it. Of course he indites, but very little of it. My assumption was he would hold open lots of documents involving research topics related to his c areer, since after all, thats what I was I gathered from all the research paper I realize to write in my study. Actually, closely of his writing was in the form of emails, work orders, presentation slides, and short memos, but its nothing huge like I expected. He pointed out that the accomplishment he use the virtually is truly verbal. He also explains that in this career, although you write, its just not as often as compared to communication. Since he deals with the supply chain aspect of the company, this is where his where most of his time is spent on. Hes constantly on the phone talking to clients, handling from one order to the next. Additionally, he has to progress to his superior, co workers, and especially clients. Once I found this out, I actually thought twice about my career for a moment. I wouldnt headway communicating on the phone with clients, but eld after days wouldnt be my ideal job. However, knowing this, I invite a cue into the type of writing I would have to do in the fut ure, which is limited. contemptible on, I then(prenominal) asked him if he ever gone out of his discourse community and what his experience was. He answered that he has gone over to disparate area of the company, but brinyly to socialize. He explains that its disparate from his community. They speak, act, and even write dissimilarly. To connect his experience, he told a story he once experient working with people from other communities. He once spent a whole six months writing a proposal to give to one of his client on how to improve their supply chain. Once finished and hand over to the client, the client looks at it, but brushes off to the side. Because the proposal was create verbally completely in a different manner, the client just couldnt spread over the materials, nor did he even bother to look deep into it. Right off the bat, he felt it would take too much time for him to analyze the entire proposal.He also noted that he has couple of friends in the business area of the company and they do write a lot more than he does. In term of writing, he explains that its obviously different between what he writes and what they write. They also write proposals and but theirs is long small documents while he writes short and brief documents.DOCUMENT SUMMARYIn the first article Turning the proviso chain into a tax revenue enhancement Chain, the author Gerard P. Cachon concentrates a specific area in supply chain, revenue sharing. Revenue sharing is when a retailer shares the profit it makes to supplier. This is different from the handed-down method of paying off the item completely. This article has a common problem and solution approach. The author Cachon explores the company Blockbuster and its video letting problem. Its current supply chain method provides insufficient videos to customers. The solution to Cachon, is to sick the traditional pricing method and use revenue sharing to understand this problem. Since this article is slim, the author p rovides a short description of the devil methods and then shows the pros and cons in a table to compare them. But whats the purpose of describing the two methods? By comparing the two, it gives the readers or reference an opportunity to look into the value and disadvantages between the two and let them decide which is more efficient for their business. This audience can be business owners, instructors, engineers, or even student who is interested in doing research upon the topic.The second article Supply Meet study in an Uncertain World. The author explains about companies confrontation with a too large amount of number and variety of products on the market, they find it more surd to determine demands and forecast production. Consequently, they end up having inaccurate forecasts and as a result cost becomes a problem. Therefore he also detail a new approach to the remedy the entire forecasting, planning, and production process. To be able to accurately forecast demands, they must figure out their suppliers (retailer, wholesalers, and manufactures) needs. By figuring this out, companies then have critical decision to handle the most unpredictable items for instance, such as seasonal demands. In other words, the main article discuses the importance of forecasting and how its vital for companies to understand and avoid make forecasting mistakes. The bottom line, forecasting accurately provide production susceptibility and save cost, and in return provides more profits.CONCLUSIONSBy doing the interview and analyzing the two documents, I finally have a broader understanding how to approach different type of writing. Every discourse community has a different style of writing. Whether is written formally or informally, the target audience varies and therefore affects the way the author writes. In the engineering field, the most likely audience for the skillful reports is other engineers with a similar background. For example, my professional field of ISE, because the person has to write lots technical reports and as a result, the paper would probably have many technical terms engineers would understand. In the article Turning the Supply Chain into a Revenue Chain, I discovered some(prenominal) distinguish terms that was widely used in these type of writing. This includes efficient, costly, inventory, revenue, retailer and supplier. In the second article, much same happens with similarity to the first.The format and way the grammar style used in technical reports can also be different. Although, the format is organized like most writing it has an intro, body and conclusion, with the difference of several additions. It includes a discussion on the findings, and visuals such as graphs, tables, figures, pictures, and illustration. Technical reports have an organized and structured format because a majority of the time, their audience whitethorn not read the entire report in one reading. a great deal times, they may just look for rele vant data. So therefore, the way its written, readers are able to open a document, and locate what he/she is looking for easily.What Ive last-ditch taken away from analyzing the two documents is the variety and amount of writing involve in my community. In my opinion, the type and amount of writing done varies from different level. A chief engineer in the ISE field would likely have less writing to do whereas an entry position engineer would have lots more. I can safely assume that once I start out my career, there would be more writing involves. I probably have to write things similar to the person I interviewed. This index be in the form of memos, presentations, and work orders.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Attachment And Associated Disorders In A Classroom Education Essay

accessory And Associated Disorders In A Classroom information EssayEE and JE argon 2 br many separates, age eleven and 8 respectively, who attend the same mainstream primary. cardinal children were identified as having difficulties opticaliseed consistent in spite of have the appearance _or_ semblanceance Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and therefrom individually was issued with a Special Educational needs (SEN) Statement. Both children take a crap juvenilely started to perplex social, aflame and deportmental difficulties (SEBD) at an intensity which is of great concern for those professionals on the job(p) with them. A more fine description of these difficulties will be let outlined in the following section.The drill they attend opened an ASD Resource Base (RB) in September 2009. The siblings have been timetabled in the Base according to their language and cognitive developmental levels. They were mapped for this quake 3 intervention with the view of incre asing their successful inclusion in the mainstream educational offer. For EE, initial appraisal make pass professionals to whollyocate 60% of his work time in the RB, along with eight other groomchilds of distinguishable ages altogether when similar educational needs. All nine children have been assessed within P Scale levels (QCA, 2005). JEs learnedness difficulties atomic twist 18 of a moderate nature and therefore he was crowded in a different skill group with other third students. All children in this group were assessed to be working(a) at National Curriculum level 1. JEs group was scheduled quaternary weekly sessions in the Base with the view to provide additional admit in the development of the childrens Literacy, Numeracy and Social/Emotional skills. All teachers contactd in their education ar developing a sh ard collar of the wont of Provision Maps (PMs), personalised documents that provide an ein truthwhereview of the childrens allocated wave 2 and wave 3 interventions, as well as their long and short term educational targets. PMs ar used to inform teachers planning, both in the mainstream schoolroom and in the RB. In addition, they provide staff with a sh bed instinct of each childs educational needs (Gross, 2008). PMs similarly contri onlye to the schools inclusive ethos, supporting Riesers (1995) proposal that SEN should be part of the schools equal opportunities policy quite an than universe considered as a separate issue (cited in C receivee, 2000). some(prenominal) child on role at this primary downstairssurface get at to the provision that is additional to or different from the mainstream offer at whatever time their needs indicate so, whether they ease up with SEN or non.The purpose of this judge is non necessarily to challenge the subjects ASD diagnoses except to analyse the nature of the doingss they argon receivedly manifesting, which may provide some relevant renderings and result in useful inte rventions once and if bond paper disorders are considered. Johnson (1992) and Williams, OCallaghan and Cowie (1994), authors cited in Geddes (2006), maintain that childrens accompaniment experiences have implications for those seeking to support them in their learning process. It is the authors effrontery that the two boys in this study are using behavior as a path to communicate their wound up needs. This essay will attempt to acquaint meaning to their current behaviour using Geddes Learning triangle affirmable action (2006) and apply this analysis to inform future practice.Recent behavioural dislodges in both siblings if considered jointly may contribute to critically identifying thinkable parenting issues, which could jump signifi tooshiet as both children are currently being assessed as potentional lavdidates for the Child Protection Register.Identifying Problem Behaviours an outline of background information and recent behavioural observations.EE is the eldest of the siblings and will be moving to utility(prenominal) education in September 2010. He was diagnosed with ASD when he was al almost 3 years old. EE presents with severe difficulties in the three areas of development which dally to pass the triad of impairments at the core of the autistic spectrum social and emotional grounds all aspects of communication and flexibility of thought and behaviour (Jordan, 2005). During his primary education, EE has been cognize as a compliant boy, very quiet and tranquil. He tends to keep to himself but responds well to adult lead activities. He finds it toughened to stay focused on activities that are non of his own choosing but understands boundaries and responds well to positive behavioural management getes used with individuals with ASD, such as make connections with key adults, clear expectations, and verbal praise (Kluth, 2003). Over the previous(prenominal) two months, EE has shown increasing signs of solicitude in response to other c hildren choppyly fitting upset. On one occasion, a little fille in his RB group accidentally hurt herself and began to cry inconsolably. The change in his muscle tone was very apparent to those working with him. He became very rigid and placed his hands on his stomach. After a minute or two, and once the girl had calmed down, EE asked to go to the toilet, which he never had done before during lesson times. While it is reported that EE has been unresolved to criticism in the past, he is currently very sensitive to any sign of disapproval, getting easily upset if he feels he is in trouble and a lot denying any wrongdoing. If another child hurts him/herself and a ruckle is apparent, EE tries to communicate the incident to an adult. He has begun relating these incidents to his own experiences, intentionally expressing these connections to the adults working at the RB and consequently disclosing events of concern. He has pointed at scars on his embody while naming his brother. Whe n asked what happened, EE usually responds mummy slaps JE. EEs language difficulties are a barrier to him expressing his needs and historically he has not initiated a conversation with another person. The contexts in which EE feels the need to share his own thoughts are related to others or himself being in somatic pain. tardily EEs appetite has also worsened and he is reluctant to join in at snack time, having to be regularly encouraged to eat. It would then await reasonable to consider EEs behaviours, such as the changes in his appetite, noticeable solicitude and withdrawal, as symptoms possibly associated with a specific emotional disorder, such as depression or anxiety (DfEE, 2001).JE is a year 4 student and the second child of what is about to become a family of four siblings. JE also was diagnosed with ASD at the age of four. He has evermore had a very brasslike and active nature. His language impairment is more apparent in his communicatory skills, e peculiarly when in volved in some kind of conflict with his peers. JE is known for his tendency to be non-compliant. When contradicted or challenged, he initially would protest verbally, but would comply with key adults like his teacher or LSA. He had not shown any physical aggression until two months ago. JE regularly appears in a heightened state of anxiety and he has become increasingly negatively fixated on one particular child, with whom he has experienced difficulty interacting with throughout his schooling. His sensitivity to criticism has accentuated recently and his difficulties in initiating and maintaining positive and trusting relationships with both peers and adults are escalating. JEs most challenging behaviour is his determination to always be in control at whatever the cost, both in class and at playtimes. He appears increasingly restless and has expressed miss of sleep. The nature of JEs SEBD is piecemeal proving more challenging to those working with him, to the extreme of being at risk of permanent exclusion. He is developing a pattern of flight and chip (Geddes, 2006), demonstrating an increasing violence against school property and/or adults. Physical preserve is met with spitting, kicking, punching, and even with the shouting of false accusations. Sometimes the trigger to his outburst can be peers succeeding in trade union movements or behaviours which he has declined to attempt himself. At other times, the outburst occurs when he has been denied permission to go to the toilet or to access to a preferred activity. His ability to remain on task is deteriorating. When a member of the mainstream staff referred to calling his father to report his behaviour, JE begged for it not to happen, alegating that his father would hit him with the belt. Despite knowing of his tendency to lie, the leadership considered all recent developments involving both siblings, and the schools child protection officer referred their case to Children Services. bill 9/94 (DfEE, 19 94) defines (S)EBD as difficulties presented in a continuum among behaviour which challenges teachers but which can be considered within normal developmental boundary and that which is indicative of serious mental illness. In EEs case, the behaviours he is presenting could be considered distinctive within the autistic spectrum, yet it is the sudden change parallel to those sight in his younger brother that has alerted professionals working with him, triggering a multidisciplinary analysis of the possible causes underlying these behaviours. JEs disruptive and disturbing behaviours, the deterioration of his social skills and his escalating distress, have lead the author of this paper to consider a possible overlap in the midst of his SEBD and mental health difficulties (SEBDA, 2006). It would appear that his current case scenario fits within the DfES (2001) comment of conduct/anti-social disordersConduct disorder is a term used by mental health specialists to describe a syndrome or core symptoms, which involve three overlapping domains of behaviour defiance of the will of someone in authority aggressiveness and anti-social behaviour that violates other peoples rights, property or person.(DfES, 2001 p.24)A referral to Children and Adolescence Mental Health Services (CAMHS) followed this hypothesis, but in the interim that assessment is undertaken by the designated professionals, staff involved with JEs education relates to Geddes (2006) assertion of the practitioners need to ring upon the establish that he is having on those working with him. Professionals agree that the severity of JEs behaviour at times of crisis appears to be negatively affecting professionals ability to theorise and respond using best practice, thus the system is becoming reactive with an increase in punitive responses and fixed term exclusions. JE is gradually becoming more rejected and unpopular amongst his peers and the adults around him, which is having a detrimental effect on h is self-confidence and consequently his academic performance is decaying hastily. Difficulties in interpersonal relationship skills correlate highly with self-esteem, affect school performance and other psychosocial domains (Dana, 2009). JEs emotional and social difficulties seem to be spiraling within Danas assertion. Greenhalgh (1994) emphasizes that for those children abnormal with emotional and behavioural difficulties, their ability to learn is strongly linked to the childrens ability to relate to others. His assertion could be then considered in connection with the originate work of Bowlby (1969 cited in Bowlby, 1988) on Attachment Theory. Bowlby explains affixation behaviour as a set of behaviour patterns meant to develop during the childs early months of life. He adopts an ethological approach to the intellect of parenting and identifies the need for protection as the reason for the development of hamper between sister and caregiver. Attachment can be explained as the emotional bond that develops between the two, providing the infant with emotional security (Peardy, 1998).Cooper, Smith and Upton (1994) considered that behaviour problems in schools could be caused by the emotional difficulties emerging as a consequence of difficult family backgrounds or physical/sexual abuse. Ainsworths experiment called The unsung Situation (1978 cited in Geddes, 2006 and Pearce, 2009) contributed to the identification of the essential input of the mothers sensitivity to her infant in the development of adherence patterns. It is reported that JEs social and emotional difficulties, specially his inability of developing trusting and long lasting relationships, have always been present during his schooling, but has taken a more anti-social direction in recent times.Prior to critically analysing the fastening patterns observed in the inform and learning surround of the RB thus the individuals SEBD can be analysed under the Attachment Theory manikin -, it appea rs relevant to first consider the Attachment Theory in relation to children diagnosed with autistic disorders.Attachment patterns in children with ASD.Parenting children with ASD can be highly stressful (Koegel et al. 1992 and Dum et al. 2001 cited in Rutgers et al. 2007). Rutgers et al. (2007) explain how a number of researchers maintain that impairments in social interaction may have their impact on maternal(p) interactive behaviour, suggesting that parenting is particularly affected by the childs insufficiency of adaptability, his/her demandingness and the parents acceptability of the childs disability. Despite this fact, Rutgers et al. (2007) conclude that children with ASD are able to show capture attachment behaviours to their parents regardless of their impairments in social interactions. The results of their study, also indicate that children with ASD who present with attachment disorders, follow a disorganised/disoriented pattern. Pearce (2009) describes this pattern as that defined by the childrens bizarre and contradictory behaviours towards the caregiver, exhibiting incomplete movements and poor emotional displays. Rutgers et al. (2007) attribute the cause of these differences to the detrimental impact that the childrens social and language impairments can have on their parents interactive behaviour, especially when the children have severe difficulties in conventionally displaying their emotions. These authors maintain that with children with ASD, more sensitive parenting is not necessarily associated with more attachment security, whereas for children without ASD, more sensitive parenting is associated with more attachment security. These findings could be probative when identifying differences in the possible underlying causes of the siblings current SEBD.As outlined in the introduction of this essay, the aim of this present analysis is to underpin possible connections between the subjects SEBD and what Ainsworth et al. (1978, cited in Gedd es, 2006 Rutgers et al. 2007 and Pearce, 2009) referred to as in beneficial patterns of attachment. Before considering possible attachment disorders as possible causes of the childrens SEBD, the siblings language difficulties have been taken into consideration. Teaching staff consulted the RB Speech and Language Therapist ( season) in relation to a possible link between the childrens recent change in behaviour, their communication disorders, and their self-awareness. rectitude and Garrett (2004) cited the work done by Baker and Cantwell (1985) in order to deposit the exact nature of the relationship between behavioural disorders and communication disorders. These authors cerebrate that early communication difficulties and behavioural problems are integrally linked in a usual developmental trail that may become stronger as the child grows older. Both children have been receiving language therapy at school and since the break of the RB, the hours of direct contact with the therap ist have increased. During the first weeks of the school year, both children shown better than expected progress in all academic areas and SALT reported considerable improvement in their language and communication skills. Both children are demonstrating a strong need to communicate. Whether this need is to point at what is upsetting them or to link their present experiences to other environments is unknown. In reference work with the SALT, and in terms of their language development, it was agreed that both children are making faithful progress. It was then assumed that answers to the subjects change in behaviour inevitable to be found elsewhere.Understanding the nature of early experience and its disorders in the classroom could help staff understand the meaning of the childrens behaviour in school and indicate what kind of response and intervention may be effective (Geddes, 2006).Attachment patterns observed in the classroom differences between the two siblings.Clements (2005) a sserts that behaviour is driven by interactions between the individual and the environment, adopting an ecosystemic approach when understanding behaviour in children with ASD. Attachment Theory is yet another ecosystemic framework within which professionals have the opportunity to view pupils and their social and emotional difficulties holistically (Geddes and Hanko, 2006 Gross, 1987). Consequently, staffs understanding of the impact early experiences can have on the childrens behaviour at school could contribute to the emotional heath and well-being of all pupils (Geddes, 2006). Dowling and Osborne (1985 cited in Geddes, 2006) stress that children develop an understanding of relationships based on their experiences with parents and siblings, friends and extended family. through with(predicate) these primary experiences, Dowling et al. explain how children will develop an understanding of rivalry for parental affection, sharing and ownership. Stern (1985) maintains that experiences of being in the company of an other are to be seen as active acts of integration, rather than as passive and out(prenominal) intends of differentiation of their self. Both siblings seem to have recently suffered deterioration in their emotional well-being, yet they appear to be expressing these difficulties in very different ways while EE is go up adults for comfort, JE is attacking them. These differences, explains Bee (1997), could find an explanation in the biological argument explaining temperament and personality. The biological locating considers that each individual is born with characteristic patterns determined genetically, which then establish the individuals responses to the environment and to other people (Ayers, Clarke and Murray, 1999 Bee, 1997). Goleman (1996) supports this statement and adds that each individual inherits a serial of pre-set emotional features, which determine his/her temperament. It would seem, however, as if by adopting a biological perspective to explain the differences in the siblings behaviours, the birth order of the children would then not be accounted for, nor any environmental factors. This would then contradict the advice of a number of researchers who support for the need to adopt an eclectic approach to the analysis of SEBD (Cooper et al., 1994 Cooper, 1999 Jones, 1999 Visser, 2002 Visser, 2005). JE is the second of three siblings and the family is currently expecting a fourth baby. EE was diagnosed with ASD soon after JE was born. Sterns (1998) assumption that experiencing the self in the company of another is to be seen as an experience towards integration might not have been such for JE. Links between Attachment Disorders and Mental Health Problems can be found in Greenhalghs (1994) work when he refers to Kleins (1946) concept of the paranoid-schizoid position, which is characterised by the individuals strong need for omnipotence, or in another words, the need to have things ones own way. They relate omnipot ence to the apprehension that pull up stakesing others to get their ways will stop the individual from preserving the experience of things being good. When identifying the problem behaviours in previous sections of this essay, it was mentioned JEs need to dictate his own way (e.g. he is to go to the toilet any time he wants to, not when he is scheduled to he finds it very difficult to cope with the adults authority, often challenging it and reacting violently when odor contradicted). Geddes (2006) applies the principles of the attachment patterns airplane pilotly determined by Ainsworth et al. (1978 cited in Geddes, 2006 Rutgers et al. 2007 and Pearce, 2009) to the classrooms teaching and learning dynamics. She does so with what she names The Learning Triangle, accomplished between the child, the teacher and the task. Rutgers et al. (2007) reached the conclusion that children with ASD tend to be less secure and more disorganised in their attachment pattern. This assertion could provide a theoretical basis to critically consider JEs SEBD difficulties as being caused by a disorganised /disorientated attachment. When describing pupils whose attachment pattern is of this type, Geddes (2006) identifies the following responses to their schooling and learning the pupil is likely to appear in a heightened state of anxiety be highly vigilant and notice any slight mismanagement have an absence of trust in the authority of adults be unreactive to others feelings place considerable importance on objects rather than relationships may push around others perceived as vulnerable/reminders of their vulnerability get into trouble a lot in relatively unsupervised settings such as the playground experience overwhelming affect (feeling) which has no apparent meaning sudden react to unseen triggers be extremely sensitive to criticism and implied sphacelus have little development of the capacity to reflect and sadly appear to enjoy very little.(Geddes, 2006 pp. 108)JEs pr oblem behaviours seem to be consistent with most of the patterns described above. When JE joins a lesson in the RB, he is asked about his mood. All pupils in his group are invited to register themselves according to six basic emotions. JE has only managed to identify two of the choices, excitement and anger. Over the past month, JE has regularly indicated feeling angry but he cannot express the reason behind his emotion. look into on the origins of anger and rage link aggression and violence to sluttish bonding in infancy and weak parenting (APA Commission on Violence, 1993 cited in Geddes, 2006). Geddes (2006) also quotes Holmes (2001) definition of outbursts of rage as a form of teddy activity resulting of an individuals dilemma between fear and need. She also classifies the learning profile of disorganised students as that of being omnipotent and controlling when approaching the classroom, reach to the same consideration as other authors previously refer to (e.g. Klein, 1946 in Stern, 1998).On the other hand, EE is responding well to a nurturing approach to his emotional needs, which Clements (2005) identifies as one successful strategy for those individuals with ASD who like EE are sensitive or anxious and ready to avoid situations. When considering Geddes Learning Triangle to critically analyse EEs SEBD, the evidence compiled with the SALT the fact that he is approaching the adults in the RB when feeling upset and/or distress his evolution ability to work independently with the support of visual aids and his good response to the nurturing approach staff is adopting, could contribute sufficient evidence to consider EE as a securely link up pupil who over the last two months has been experiencing some remote strain. His condition of first-born and his kind and mild manner would appear to have contributed to his development of a secure attachment with his mother. Over the years, he has demonstrated a capacity to adapt to school and to respond to the demands of the academic and social setting in which learning takes place, which Geddes (2006) identifies as features characteristic of secure attachment, a social and emotional skill that children with ASD are capable of achieving (Rutgers et al. 2007). Geddes goes to describe the secure attached pupil as a child who presents with high scores of ego-resilience and self-esteem, less dependency on the teacher with the past of time, but with a growing affect for him/her. The securely attached pupil can increase the intentionality in his/her interactions with others and s/he is chiefly more co-operative. This would seem consistent with the recent improvement in EEs communicatory skills assessed by the SALT as well as his ability to allow a key adult to help him focus back on task after an incident that may have upset him.Conclusions and advice for come on practiceIt would seem that EEs emotional distress needs to be advertize assessed within the work of a multi-disciplinary team in order to bring some light to his family situation. His anxiety could be rooted to abode events that are yet to be clarified. From an educational point of view, staff needs to pep up for his emotional well-being and continue offering a nurturing approach to his current needs (Clements, 2005).The conclusion reached in this discussion regarding the possible implications of an identified attachment disorder for JE, along with the nature of his behaviours, imply that the educational priority for the quick future is to provide JE with safety, reliability and predictability (Geddes, 2006). Visual cues, such as visual timetables, are already being used. Clear expectations and behavioural boundaries are common and consistent practice amongst the staff of the RB and, in few occasions, JE has shown some positive responses to the authority of one of the teachers. It appears necessary that these same boundaries are consistently used in the mainstream provision. In order to guarantee that, the teacher with whom he seems to be developing a positive relationship could be allocated as his key worker for a period of time. For children identified as having a disorganised/disoriented attachment pattern, Geddes (2006) also recommends the use of a physical container as a possible therapeutic strategy. She advocates that this resource can be interpreted as a secure base. This approach needs to be further explored, but taking into account that JE is very fond of jocund characters, providing him with a toy that he can place in and out of a box during the school day as required by his emotions could facilitate him with a tool with which to explore and regain interest in the world around him. JE shows interest in playing with his peers and it is often his lack of skills to initiate positive interactions at playtimes that causes him trouble. JE could earn from adult support at playtimes to facilitate good role models and assertive approaches to conflict, social skills strategies rec ognised as useful in helping individuals to improve their self-concept and achieve optimal levels of self-esteem (Roffey, Tarrant and Majors, 1994).EE and JE have both been displaying abnormal behaviour patterns and despite very similar diagnoses of ASD, they have been exhibiting markedly different responses to what is assumed as external factors possibly stressed within the home. Through this examination of attachment and associated disorders, it has been hypothesized that the renewal in the boys response could possibly be due to JE suffering from an attachment disorder in addition to his original diagnoses of ASD. For this supposition to be validate it is acknowledged that there is need for an extensive multidisciplinary investigation in the home dynamics and further analysis of JEs mental health.The value of investigating attachment and associated disorders when analysing possible causes of individuals SEBD is that it can inform staff to look further than the original ASD diagno ses. If the supposition of JE presenting with an attachment disorder of a disorganized/disorientated pattern is correct, working on developing JEs attachment to and trust of staff, as well as maintaining the specialised ASD provision within the RB, can only be of benefit to him. Unlike EE, JE is not responding to the strategies advised as best practice for children with ASD.

Friday, March 29, 2019

Information technology interpersonal communication

data technology inter any(prenominal)bodyal communicatingIntroduction education engineering science Interpersonal conferenceWhat is tuition engine room? reading engine room (IT) is the using of computer and softw argon to manage data (Laura Schneider, About.com). entropy engineering cast off four evolution periods, which ar Premechanical (3000 B.C-1450 B.C), Mechanical (1450-1840), Electromechanical (1840-1940) and electronic (1940- Present). The lineament of study engine room (IT) uses to solve the input, processing, output and communication issues.However, with the exploitation of the bon ton, knowledge engine room (IT) plays much(prenominal) important case it has finicky charm to payoff mankinds life within Arts, Sciences, Education, Commerce and Medical. In fact, information technology (IT) has conglomerate functions because of developing. The Modern info Technology Department included Computers, Servers, Database steering Systems, and steganogra phy (Laura Schneider, About.com). The segment would set up of several system administrators, database administrators.On the former(a) hand, what is interpersonal communication? The Interpersonal Communication (IC) is an extraordinary form that happens when 2 or to a greater extent great deal work to break downher with another person and reciproc anyy model for to apiece one other (F all toldkowski, 2002). Contemporary their action denotes that the communication associates atomic number 18 having the same information at the same time. Besides, the reciprocally influence sum, which affected by the interaction much(prenominal) as thoughts, feelings, and interpretation.Essentially, Interpersonal Communication is kept and maintained relationships by the forgiving. muchover, it plays more importance of roles that include stack, Messages, Channels, Noises, and Feedbacks. largely speaking, Interpersonal Communication (IC) fag end rectify race with the education call for fo r entrance kinds of Careers Company. They allow for lawsuit the challenges of effective communication.Changes Brought by IT In the mod of society, culture Technology (IT) everlastingly encounter a cud of advantages and disadvantages to human it is an important topic that raft faecal matter recognize what entropyrmation Technology is exactly or mistakenly, and why it in addition plays the most important role in our daily life. In fact, the earthly concern has altered due to answer of Information Technology. The significance of IT can be discovered from the true things that lie of personal PCs, Hand Phones, Fax Machines, Email, and Internet.Communication With the development of the technology, communication has similarly fashion that are cheaper, quicker, and more effectiveness. People communicate with anyone around the cosmos by simply text messaging them or consecrateing them and netmail for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has in any case on the fence(p)ed up face to face direct communication from diverse parts of the world. The bite of websites strike to maintenance that user can download different bundle, songs, movies, and games at anyplace and anytime. Microsoft net income (MSN) is free software of communication that creates E-Mail, Sending Message and overlap Space. It besides builds own personal place (Blogging) on the website (REDMOND, Wash 2004). In fact, people can use internet that understand different intelligence activity such as commerce raw(a)s, political radicals, educational news, and others in the world. Besides, more and more colleges and companies are beginning to build virtual office telecommuting systems, which are providing working rates. Students can also study their subjects and managers can increment rate of management.Changes In the Way We LearnThe rapid development of deliverance, IT also improves peoples living qualities. When you watched TV or played game, you would infer astir(p redicate) Information Technology (IT) because many movies and Pc-games were designed by the computer. Actually, Computer and Internet are the vanquish certification, more and more companies pay attention to how to use Information Technology (IT) to manage their company. MAAKL Home Office (MHO) is an unusual software of coronation (Personal Money, June 2009), which can be accessed via multi-channels such as a Desktop Computer, Network or Windows Mobile Personal Digital Assistant. Next, Science and Medicine are changed by computer such as Pool Knowledge, Track complicated Behaviors, and Simulate Complex Systems, Patient Care, Re lookup, Special Needs, and Sports Medicine (Roberta Baber, 1997). Moreover, Information Technology (IT) teaches modern children how to learn knowledge. In high schools and colleges students can benefit from computer-based education experience. In addition, education does not stop in the classroom thither are much software that students can choose to learn ing such as Online Dictionary, History, Geography, and Biology. On the other hand, some scientists use Information Technology (IT) to solve transportation problem, which are existing of Smart Cars, Air Traffic Control, airway Reservation Systems, Airports, Logistics, Trains, and Travel Guides and Toward the Future (Roberta Baber, 1997). According to the above examples, we can attend that the government agencies, education institution, and industrial do not leave Information Technology (IT). Time Efficiency IT has created that it possible for seam to be unbrace all over the globe. This means that a business can open anytime and anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more suit satisfactory. It also means that you can lease your nigh(a)s delivered right to your doorstep with having to mover a single muscle. Today the number of people utilize that information can be shared by voice mail, and recorded telephone message can sent from anywhere in the world. Scanners can build a lot of pictures, which change documents. Via telefax modems can send documents to a fax machine or flick in other places such as office, building, state, and country. Besides, e-mail has departd the best service to every computer user in daily living (Human Relations, 2006). As a result, we can observe that Information Technology (IT) not sole(prenominal) save times and improve working rates, but it also solves barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries.Cost in effect(p)ness Information Technology (IT) has helped to computerize the business process thitherfore streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective gold making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to dough that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. Nowadays, in high-tech communication environment (Human Relations, 2006), which are more and more companies maintain virtual offices and networks of workers are connecting techn ology. No mater they are at outside, airplane, a motel room and communicate with visa e-mail, cellular phone, and fax modern. Moreover, telecommuting is an disposition that employee can work in their homes, and people scattered in the world to work as one office employees. According to the above event, it is always elucidation that Information Technology (IT) can dally more benefits to commerce. toss MailJunk mail is email that a personality did not ask for, Unsolicited, funny picgraphs, advertisement, and junk. There is existing many individual personals e-mails, which are including Types of Unsolicited email, Harassing Mail, Chain Mail, Virus Hoaxes, Viruses and Email, and Collateral Spam(Human Relations, 2006). In fact, when someone views the contents, there are many attachments that can shut down an entire operate system. Therefore, the number of jobs will be affected by junk mail. In contrast, some people whitethorn accept a little put on the line because they often use e- mail to contact their friends or relatives. Moreover, almost companies bring feedback center, they often use e-mail to solve customers problems. When customers check their e-mail, they may fill viruss mails and junk mails. Thus junk mail also threatens safeties of the computers.Privacy occupationIt is comm besides believe that Information Technology (IT) is communication quicker, convenient, and easier. However, it has some cover problems in our daily life. For example, when you are using your call phone or computer, you may face that your private information will be forestall by other people. Therefore, people are beginning anxious about their individual living changing public news. Hackers will use poisonous software that sets up Trojan virus on the website such as Google, Yahoo, or MSN to Troll the Web, the companies retain IP Addresses, expect Content, Browser, and User Locations. People often can hear or look about stars nude Picture Scandal case. Hong Kong singer and ac tor Edison subgenus Chen happened nude photo scandal on February 21, 2008. (Source chinaware Daily February21, 2008)) As a result, we can observe that Information Technology also has lack of secure guardianship. omit of Job Security almost experts consider that Information Technology (IT) has make job security this problem, which are clutching updating each day. primarily speaking, many IT people are lack of job securities. In the economy downturn period, there are many IT films that face pressure of finance. Therefore, IT workers have more ideas. Some people think that they hard work each day, but the boss does not pay attention to their efforts. Other people feel that they can not only promote, but they also get fewer salaries. However, some people change new jobs, but they cannot alter new environments because of subject problem. Moreover, some companies will have mergers, buyouts, downsizings, business closings, and bankrupts. In addition to IT is a bubble economy that has m ore competitive wars. Finally, IT workers minds become other ideas.Dominant CultureInformation Technology (IT) may bring many benefits to human, which are changing communication systems, improving work rate, change magnitude new opportunity of job, and saving time. However, some people may not suppose that Information Technology (IT) will corrode dominant culture. This means that Information Technologies (IT) have made the world a global village. valet communication is changed by IT. We can distinguish that many young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Famous brands involve Lee, KFC, pizza Hut, and Hollywood Movies. In contrast, languages also have become overshadowed English the basic communication skill. There are 20 hundred million people speaking English in the world. Yet, other unusual languages will be disappeared by the English. For the above reasons explain that Information Technology (IT) not only bring a lot of delightful surprises, but it also cha nges mankinds living. Effective Communication Using ITThe human race has entered a completely new stage in its history. With the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention. How can improve to use Information Technology in communication?Effective Search EngineAlong with the development of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is how to effectively improve development of Information Technology (IT) that becomes a big issue. When data or information grows that many companies are using effective search engine that influence variety of information of businesses. Some computer engineers create that engines can be developed for particular organization as well as purchasable tools can be used. For instance, Google is the biggest search engine company in the world. It has collect 20 hundred million information Websites. No mater you are staying anywhere or anytime, you can Google to find in formation. In contrast, Google also infinitely develop new Web Search technology into other search services such as Image Search, Google News, Google Product Search, Google Groups, and Google Maps. For the above example, we can get a result that effective search engine of being may improve to use Information TechnologySoftware Up controls legion(predicate) experts think that software skills have the largest space of development. Examples involve Operating Systems, Database Management Systems, Network Operating Systems, Data Communication Software, and Compilers. For example, Microsoft still develops new in operation(p) systems that include Windows95, Windows98, Windows2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista. On the other hand, Apple is not only manufacturing computers company, it also has new personalized operating systems. Examples include iTunes 9, Safari 4, QuickTime 7, and iWork09 ( pinch Apple Downloads (2009). In addition, there are almost call phones that have 3G, GPS, and var iety of software. For all the events, we can see that those companies have a common new goal. They take to develop quicker software skill because of the biggest commercial opportunity. Thus, development of software skill have belonged how to advance Information Technology.Improvement of IT Personnels AbilityDuring the pecuniary downturn, the numbers of IT companies also are attention how to improve information technology personnels workability. Because they can change companys survive or perish. In China, Information Technology (IT) is fitting chief trend there are a lot of colleges students in which learn Information Technology programs. They realize that China is developing the third economic country in the world. When those students graduate, they will have virile professional knowledge that employs all kinds of Information Technology jobs. On the other words, there are many well-know Information Technology (IT) companies in China such as Sina, Netease, BaiDu, Alibaba, and Ea chnet. They build up special HR department that train their IT employees. This method can help to establish a good team, which complete companys task. Moreover, they have one main goal that utilizes the best method in which quickly expand and effectively operate Information Technology (IT) at during short time.E-CommerceNowadays, we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have take place in peoples attitude towards some traditional practices. Information Technology (IT) change a lot of peoples living communication methods. In 1960s, banks began to use computer and magnetized ink recognition to automate check processing. In the 1970s and 1980s, business extended their computer based electronic data interchange (Baldauf Ralph Stair). Nowadays, E-Commerce is becoming the type of electronic trading, which is using online transaction of business, featuring linked computer systems of the vendor, array and buyer. Examples include Taobao, Tra velocity, Hotels, Amazon, Llbean and CompUSA. These websites also offer the best service to their customer, and they always keep updating their information systems and service skills.IT ProductsIn fact, more and more Information Technology (IT) products are entering into humans living. Examples involve Digital Camera, line of merchandise Hand Phone, Mp3, Mp4, and electronic Dictionary etc. we can see that a lot of companies continuously produce new products, which are satisfying customers requirement. Some companies develop new environmental IT products. This means that use recycling materials and improve product energy efficiency. Besides, IT product proves that peoples living always develop each day. People use IT product records many wonderful events such as birthday party, students meeting, and wedding ceremony. It cannot be denied that there still exist some advantages of Information Technology products. From what has been discussed above, we may draw the effect that Informati on Technology product can be effective used by people.Electronic Library Electronic Library is devoted to the functions and implications of new technology, digitization, the Internet, user interfaces, automation, and networks in the libraries. Electronic Library has to offer and save function of information that consist of newspaper, books, scientific dissertation, meeting paper, implant case, and work statement. All the above materials will become digital Information Technology. Besides, Electronic Library has a special navigation that help user to find information. Finally, Electronic Library also improves information service, the number of user can easily check, read, and download the best information. All the above suggestions that we can come to the simple conclusion that more and more people are paying attention to how to develop Electronic Library.Digitization Digitization encompasses digital technology of all kinds that serve and support Digital Music, Video, and Graphics. D igitization consists of perception, presentation, display, storage, and transmission. The electronic conversion is accomplished through imagination a process whereby a document is scanned and an electronic representation of the original. With the development of the internet, people begin to use digital media to communicate for each other. In China, there are a lot of businesses of opportunities because digital media is a beginner. More and more films are trying to research and develop digital media in their business. Examples include IPTV, Mobile Telephone (2.5G/3G), and GPS. Besides, Digital Media also affect young persons ideas such as modish dress, songs, and movies. Based on the above parole and analysis, we can see that Digital Media is becoming a major trend.FaceBookAs one of the most important inventions at the twenty-first century, Facebook has a colossal application in all aspects of our lives. It plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concer n of the world. Facebook is a social networking website that develops humans communication. Some people think that Facebook can construct new communication channels. Users can add friends and send them messages, and update their personal information. Beside, user can join networks organized by workplace, school, and region. Users can use hotmail to find their friends, which are extending their societal opportunities, and they can come out their photo, video, daily, and game with their families and friends. User can also set their profiles on public. This allows scraggy friends to send messages and add the user as a friend. Microsoft is Facebooks partner for table service banner advertising as such Facebook only serves advertisements that exist in Microsofts advertisement inventory. Finally, Facebook has different language systems, which bring a lot of comforts to human.Conclusion Information Technology (IT) has successful changed humans life styles and it able to create new IT s kills though numerous imaginations. IT has proved that it can provide brilliant services to peoples appetence. As a result, those efforts pay off and Information Technology has achieved this difficult mission. Besides, Information Technology (IT) always summarizes its disadvantages and continuously updates date system that does not wash out peoples view line. With the great success, Information Technology (IT) is finding new goal, which is combining with communication. Thus, more and more Information Technology products are coming into families. People also adieux strange living and increase person relationship.However, during the economy downturn in 2008/2009, the number of people are facing unemployed crisis, they lessen a lot of consumption ways. Information also affect so that each IT company may decrease funs to develop new Information Technology skills.In contrast, Information Technology (IT) has shown that there all advantages service to humans communication and it has much potential for development in our daily life. These factors are Effective Search Engine, Software Updates, and Improvement of IT Personnels Ability, E-Commerce, IT Products, Bluetooth, Digitization, and Networking. Each of them has their potentials in giving services to mankind. deferred paymentReference to Web pagesLaura Schneider. Information Technology Definition and History. About.com. Retrieved September16, 2009From http//jobsearchtech.about.com/od/careersintechnology/p/ITDefinition.htmIntroductions to Interpersonal Communications. Mastering Human Relations 3rd Edition, A Fallkowski, (2002). Retrieved September16, 2009From http//webhome.idirect.com/kehamilt/ipsyles1.htmlREDMOD, Wash, downslope 1, (2004).MSN Introduces New Communication Service That Enables Blogging, Picture Sharing and More. Microsoft PressPass. Retrieved September18 2009From http//www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2004/dec04/12-01msnwave10pr.mspxInformation Technology and globalization. By CSIS. On February15, 2006. Global envision. Retrieved September19 2009From http//www.globalenvision.org/library/7/970Top Apple Downloads (2009). All Downloads. Apple Downloads. Retrieved September19 2009From http//www.apple.com/downloads/Source China Daily/Agencies (February21, 2008). Edison Chen to quit after nude photo scandal. Peoples Daily Online. Retrieved September20 2009From http//english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90782/90875/6358399.htmlReference to text edition Books and MagazineSucceeding with Technology, 3th Edition by Ken Baldauf Ralph Stair. Retrieved September22 2009Roberta Linsky. Computers IN Your Future, encourage EDITION Copyright 1997 by Que Education and Training. Retrieved September18 2009Personal Money (June 2009). Info at your fingertips with MAAKL Home Office. Tan Su-Yin.Retrieved September18 2009Macworld (May 2009). Road Tripper, By Ted Wallingford. Retrieved September19 2009.Human Relations, Principles and practices sixth ed. (2006). B.L Brandt, R. Retrieved September20 20 09

Determination of Heavy Metals in Cow Milk

Determination of Heavy Metals in Cow drawThe cow take out feeding concept of infants, in the larger move of Lake Victoria basin of Kenya, for about the first six months afterward birth, has immensely invigorated the interest in investigating the movement and levels of some ominous metallic elementlic elements in awe draw. Toxicity of a hefty metal depends on its fractional bioavailability and concentration in the environment, therefore its speciation is of great importance. The knowledge of concentrations of hepato venomous free weighty metals like atomic number 48, chromium, bulls eye, iron, collar and zinc in cows take out is hence very essential.Fresh milk samples from lactating cows eitherow be keeped by self milking into sterilized polye and soe bottles and labeled accord to time, date, place and replicate. Other parameters that leave behind be collected from the triple localization principles on the infrastructure of 7-day interval and thereafter inv estigated include grass feeds, sediments, urine, kingdom, and lactating cows faecal drops and urine. This information therefore gives a suitable background for assessing and determining the concentrations of enceinte metal contaminants on cows and their subsequent intake by hu soldiery. a couple of(prenominal) drops of 0.1 M trichloroacetic unpleasant exit be added to the sample for coagulation and the aqueous layer heated at 500C for matchless hour. Digestion get out be done with 0.5 M nitric erosive as heraldic bearing and concentration of concentrated metals analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, AAS.statistical abstract testament be conducted using MSTATC two factor release randomized block design, with the heavy metal concentration as the primary(prenominal) factor with the localizations as the sub treatment. The package go away perform analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P 0.05 with two factor experiment and students T-test at P 0.05. The mean, standard deviation, range and linear correlation co-efficient on the mensurable parameters go forth be determined. The study is expected to give an denotation of the depiction of m new(prenominal)s and infants in the region to the heavy metals and also ascertain the rubber of commanding milk feeding of infants.This study will be conducted in Kisumu city, at the shore of Lake Victoria, Kenya.Key words Heavy metals, infants, cows milk and contamination.2.0 dis course2.1 BackgroundHuman and animals countenance been exposed to heavy metal perniciousness for an immeasurable time. The industries have dramatically increased the overall environmental stretch of the toxins to levels that they be be in every argona of modern consumerism. Therefore, it is necessary to know the environmental fate of all xenobiotics so as to presage their persistence and possible effects on non-target organisms (Kengara F.O 2004).Anthropogenic activities appear to play an important role in this stud y since, in the past, solid wastes have been dumped by residents in their respective localities. In an app bent attempt to support the environment unclouded, in Kisumu city, the local authorities, in the past four geezerhood have collected and dumped the solid wastes at a new site, Nyalenda Kachok, Kisumu. in like manner lorry-loads from all over the citys supermarkets, industrial set-ups, petrol stations, residences and markets dump theirs solid wastes at the site. cadmium, chromium, pig bed, iron, lead and zinc be among the most common heavy metals know as contaminants in the environment and therefore come affront as hazardous substances to both human and animal wellness (Roberts J.R, 1999). This is collect to across-the-board spread environmental pollution by materials containing them like batteries, paints, pipes, soldering rods, pesticides, fungicides, gasoline, railway locomotive oils, chemical fertilizers or when they occur in steep amounts in air, soil, water, plant s and other compounded animal feeds.They therefore increase concentrations of heavy metals in air, water, soil and subsequently interpreted by plants and animals into their food chain (Ahmad, W.M.S, 2002). The presence of heavy metals in cows milk whitethorn be attri exclusivelyed to contamination of the maestro one, which may be due to film of lactating cow to environmental pollution or consumption of contaminated feeding stuffs and water (Carl M, 1991).This fact stinker lead to considerable concentrations in human body since they are not metabolized therefore poses a serious risk to human health when consumed even in small amounts (Selinger B, 1979).Most of them, like cadmium, lead and quicksilver persist in the body and exert their toxic effect by combining with one or more than reactive groups essential for conventionalism physiological single-valued functions of the cells thus causing cellular disturbances or clinical manifestation. The untoward toxic effects caused by lead, cadmium mercury are wide recognized (Friberg, L. and Elinder, C.G, 1988). The major clinical signs in animals and man for lead and copper poisoning include, among others, deviations of the hematological parameters due to their come in effects on hematopoiesis, cut back integrity of red blood cells membrane leading to intravascular haemolysis, anemia and vaporization (Radostits O. M. et al., 1994). Therefore hematological parameters have diagnostic value in animals surmise of heavy metal toxicity (Mlay P.S and Migumia Y.O, 2008). Man becomes at risk by eating food and drinking fluids contaminated with heavy metals,through air, direct contact with the metals like in people working in railcar wash or body spraying industries or factories transaction with heavy metals and their derivatives (Farr G, 2001).Kisumu city is endowed with relatively many but small enterprises dealing with metal whole shebang, car maintenance and repair (Jua Kali Sheds), construction works that po se a risk of contamination to the environment with hazardous substances including heavy metals. molarsistence farming and husbandry are quite enhanced in its neighborhoods.The gone(p) information prompts the desire to investigate the presence of some heavy metals in cows milk. The data generated will assist the concerned city planners, institutions and bodies aerated with environmental control and surveillance to formulate measures and policies that would firmly govern the toss out of solid wastes, re-locate the site and authoritatively bar animals from feeding on the wastes.2.2 arguing OF THE PROBLEMThe presence and concentration of heavy metals in water, sediments, soil and cows milk urine and faecal drops are unknown. This means that both man and animals likely assimilate the heavy metal contaminants unabated, thus endangering their lives.2.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE queryThe toxic heavy metals from the possible sources as stated above detain to get into the environment and the biota. This phenomenon is a real threat to the human animation therefore it is an urgent issue that the study needs to address.It is important to situation that with the known concept of milk feeding of infants for the first six months after birth, either through mothers dressers or other sources like cow milk, more so in the rural set-ups, presents a possible lethal exposure route of heavy metal poisoning. The clinical manifestations that un-permissible levels of the heavy metals cause to both man and animals are fatal and expensive to treat thus jeopardise the economic progress of the affected residential district.The fling point at the present site has continued to pollute the air due to organics releasing barbarous gases when they decompose and burnt. The constant burning of the wastes has hindered visibility, caused breathing difficulty and eye-aches to the road users as the site is at the high way and the entrance to the city. It is therefore a rude welcome to the tour ists visiting the city.Therefore, the study will give an indication of the exposure of mothers and infants in the region to the heavy metals and also ascertain the safety of absolute milk feeding of infants.2.4 HYPOTHESIS(i) The solid wastes dumped at the dumping site at Kachok, Kisumu city, contain toxic heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) .(ii) The animals that feed on the wastes take-up the heavy metals into their body systems.3.0 LITERATURE REVIEWHeavy metals are elements with specific density of 5gcm3, at least volt times as the specific gravity of water (Florea T et al., 2006) and (Steven, D, 2003). They have been found in human breast milk and shown to affect health in infants. This may be due to mothers being susceptible to chemicals mostly in foods. intake and dermal routes are possible though they are insignificant. Heavy metals, mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, bismuth, antimony most often disrupt immune func tion, neurological and endocrine functions.some(a) common effects of heavy metal toxicity include fountainhead fogginess. Insomnia in children, memory loss, dementia tremors delay development (Molin J, 2000). Due to their toxic nature, the human body upon assimilation begins to get rid of them through the organs such as the skin, liver, kidney and through urine and sweat. However, this process is quite straining thus burdens and damages the organs (Bentum J.K, et al., 2010).Unfortunately human milk is one of the routes of elimination this burden, and therefore a source of exposure to infants (Oskarsson A, 1998). Some of these metals are stored in the mothers bones and are extracted from her to provide calcium for the development of the childs bones. As a result, they enter the maternal blood and breast milk during pregnancy and lactation, thus exposing the fetus and infants to risk (Sonawane R.B, 1994). However, at permissible levels, some of them are essential for normal physiol ogical functions in animal tissues (Ahmed, E.E.K, et al., 1999).Dietary deficiencies of copper, zinc, calcium, iron, protein and wasted fats cause an increase in the absorption and toxicity of lead (Goldfrank, L.R. et al., 1990). period copper is a delimitate element in various metabolic functions in the body, lead and other heavy metals have no function in the body and can be highly toxic due to interference directly in metabolic pathways or indirectly by causing deficiencies of other trace metals (Farr G, 2004). Excessively higher levels of the metals in milk and tissues of animals suggest an exposure either from the air, soil, water or feeds or all of these sources (Farr G, 2001) and (Dupler D, 2001).Animals can tolerate elevated levels of these metals though at certain levels clinical signs of toxicity manifest which can be acute or inveterate when there is low exposure for a long time since these metals bio-accumulate in the body (IARC, 1997) and (Allcroft R, 1951).Heavy met als like cadmium, lead and mercury have been sight in breast milk in many parts of the macrocosm and have different means and ranges (Appendix 6.1).In many parts of the world, they pass by the recommended limits (Oskarson A et al., 1995) composition in others lead has been found in breast milk between 5-20 ppb (Rabinowitz M et al., 1985). This may be attributed to the fact that sources of lead exposure are numerous ranging from ceramic and pottery glazed with lead, electronic works, welding and solders, jewelry making and repairing, certain hair dyes, automobile repairs (ATSDR, 1990).The presence of cadmium has been detected in breast milk as 0.28 g/litre. It is found in many components of vehicles and in electrical and electronic equipment (Honda R et al., 2003).Cadmiums levels in breast milk have also been associated with cigarette smoking. arsenous anhydride has not been thoroughly studied in breast milk but is however known to cause cancer in humans (Radisch B and passel W , 1987).METHODOLOGY4.1 Sampling and Sampling DesignA twain factor completely randomized block design will be employed in sampling where one of the locations will be considered as a block. They will be spread out within 8 km apart. The samples will be taken within an interval of septenary days. Table2 shows the experimental design detailing the number of samples per location and the sampling intervals of 7 days, 14 days and 21 days (Table 2)Key D= days Re= Replicates Lo= Locations4.2 Study AreaThe study sphere of influence will be at the shore of Lake Victoria, Kisumu city and its environs within the area limits of 00 51 South and Longitude 0041 North and longitudes 330 20- 35020 East and an altitude of 528m above the sea level. The sideline locations will be picked for the studyLocation 1 Nyalenda-Kachok whose animals feed and snip at the dumping site- suspected to be polluted with the metals.Location 2 Mamboleo 8 km north eastern outskirts of the city with relative high anima l husbandry.Location 3 Chiga 8 km- eastern outskirts of the city with subsistence and swingy animal husbandry.The choice of the sampling areas 2 and 3 is based on the fact that the cows graze freely in their areas but can not r all(prenominal)(prenominal) the dumping site where only those from location 1 access for herbage. All samples will be collected from 5 (hence 5 replicates) indiscriminately selected points from each of the three locations 1, 2 and 3 and immediately taken to the laboratory for preparation, digestion and analysis at Chemistry Laboratory, Maseno University, Kenya.4.3 SAMPLES COLLECTION4.3.1 Cow take out tryBy self milking into sterilized polyethylene bottles, about 50ml good milk samples will be collected from five lactating cows from randomly selected homes in each location on a three day milking interval in the morning (i.e 50ml x 5cows x3 locations x 3 milking intervals = 2,250 ml will be collected in total.The samples will so be packed into ice-ba gs and labeling will be done with respect to time, date, location and replicate.4.3.2 Urine Sample50ml urine sample will be randomly collected from each lactating cow (whose milk is sampled) from its shed. The samples will then be wrapped and tied with sterilized polythene news reports, packed into ice-bags and labeled according to time, date, location and replicate.4.3.3 Faecal Drops SampleIn each location, nigh 100g of faecal drops will be randomly collected from each of the five lactating cows (whose milk is sampled) from their sheds, wrapped and tied with sterilized polythene news report, packed into ice-bags and labeled according to time, date, location and replicate.4.3.4 body of water Sample just about 50ml of water samples from five different points in each location will be placed in clean unused 100ml plastic bottles with keister caps The points are across the swamp and dam for locations 1 and 3 while five equidistant spots along the stream that passes through the bro wse area of location 2.All the samples will then be packed into ice-bags and labeling will be done with respect to time, date, location and replicate.4.3.5 Grass Feeds and kingdom SampleGrass feeds will be cut at approximately1 cm height from the ground in an area of 1x1m2, (within five randomly selected cows grazing ground per location), bundled, labeled and packed in clean polythene bags.At the centre of the 1x1m2 area where grass feeds are taken, the topsoil will be dug to 12 cm depth at an area of 24x24cm2.The soil will then be put in clean polythene bags and labeled according time, date, location and replicate.4.3.6 Sediment Sample five sediment sub-samples will be randomly taken in each location. Approximately top 2 cm surface layer will be collected with a strainer and the samples packed and labeled with respect to time, date, location and replicate.4.4 PREPARATION, DIGESTION, ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATION4.4.1 Cow Milk SamplesFive drops of 0.1 M trichloroacetic acid will be a dded to the cow- milk sample to precipitate the proteins, and the aqueous layer of the milk separated by centrifugation. 5 ml of the aqueous layer will be placed in porcelain crucible and heated in a furnace at a temperature of 500 0C for about 45 minutes.Thereafter, 3 ml of 0.5M nitric will be added and then filtered through Whatman filter paper (No 40) into a 10ml measuring cylinder. Further 0.5M nitric acid will be added to the 10 ml mark of the measuring cylinder. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in dumbbell and the milk samples will be analyzed with an AAS.4.4.2 Urine and Water Samples100ml of each sample will be boiled till complete temperance. 10ml of conc. nitric acid will be added to the sample and boiled close to dryness then diluted to 20 ml with de-ionized water. The solution will be filtered and the filtrate taken for AAS analysis for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn.4.4.3 Quantitation of heavy metals in milk, urine and water samples assiduousnesss of Cd, Cu , Fe, Pb, Mn, Se and Zn in examined samples will be calculated according to the following equation-Mg/kg in examined samples = AxB/WA= mg/kg of metal in prepared samples (obtained by calibration).B= final volume of prepared sample in ml.W= weight of samples in grams.4.4.4. Quantitation of Heavy Metals in Faecal Drops, Grass, Sediments Soil SamplesThe samples will be rinsed with de-ionized water several times and separately air-dried on sacrifice plastic bags for 24 hours, ground in a mortar to obtain small particles of uniform size, thus large surface area. Conventional cobalt blue regia digestion will be performed in 250ml glass beakers covered with watch glasses. A well-mixed sample of 0.50 g each of the samples will be digested in 12ml of cobalt blue regia on a hot plate for 3 h at 110C.After evaporation to near dryness, the sample will be diluted with 20 ml of 2% (v/v with H2O) nitric acid and transferred into a 100-ml volumetric flask after filtering through Whatman filter paper grade 40 and diluted to 100 ml with de-ionized distilled water thereafter analyzed for levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Se and Zn using AAS.5.0 REFERENCES1. Ahmad, W.M.S. (2002) Studies on heavy metal pollution in poultry farms in relation to production capital punishment Ph.D. dissertation-Faculty of Vet. Medicine. Zag. University.2. Ahmed, E.E.K, Haleem, H.H. and Aly, A.A. (1999) Effect of copper and ascorbic acid in restriction of cadmium toxicity. J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Ass., 59 (5) 1549-1573.3. Allcroft R. 1951 Lead poisoning in cattle and sheep. Veterinary Record 63583-593.4. ATSDR Case study in environmental medicine Cadmium toxicity U.S Department of wellness and Human Services. Atlanta G.A, 1990.5. Roberts J R, 1999 Metal toxicity in children. In upbringing Manual on Pediatric environmental wellness Putting It into manage 1999 Jun. Emeryville, CA Childrens Environmental Health Network.6. Bentum J.K, Sackitey O.J, Tuffuor J.K., Essumang D.K, Koranteng-Addo E. J, and Owusu -Ansah E., 2010 Cadmium and Arsenic in breast milk of lactating mothers in Odumanse-Atua community in Manya Krobo district of eastern region of Ghana.7. Carl, M. (1991) Heavy metals and other trace elements. Monograph on residues and contaminants in milk and milk products. Special Issue 9101, pp. 112-119. outside(a) Dairy Federation IDF, Belgium.8. Dupler D. 2001 Heavy metal poisoning Gale Encyclopedia of ersatz Medicine. Farmington Hills, MI Gale Group.9. Farr G 2001 The Hair Tissue Mineral abridgment.10. Farr G 2004 why Heavy Metals are a Hazard to Your Health.11. Florea T, Sarolta O.B and Gheorghe C, 2006 Heavy metals in odoriferous cow-milk and cheese.12. Friberg, L. and Elinder, C.G. 1988 Cadmium toxicity in humans. Essential and toxic trace elements in human health and disease, edited by A.S. Prasad (New York A.R.Liss), pp. 559-587.13. Goldfrank, L.R. Osborn, H. and Hartnett, L, 1990 Lead. In Goldfrank, L.R. Flomentbaum, N.E. Lewin, N.A. Weisman, R.S. and Howland, M.A. (Ed s.) Goldfranks Toxicological Emergencies. quaternary edition. pp. 627-637. Prentice-Hall International Inc. New Jersey, USA.14. Honda R Tawara K Nishyo M Nakagawa H Tanebe K Saito S, Toxicology 2003186(3) 255-259.15. IARC (International Agency for search on cancer) 1997 Monograph of carcinogenic risk to human. Lyon. Supplement. 7230-231.16. Kengara F.O, 2004 epitome of organo-chlorine pesticides in Nyando catchments of Lake Victoria and fate studies of atrazine and glyphosate in soil using the radioisotope tracer bullet technique MSc Thesis-Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, Kenya.17. Mactaggart D.L and Farewell S.O Analytical use of regression. fragment 1 Regression procedures for calibration and quantitation, 1992, Journal of AOA International, 75 594-606.18. Mlay P.S and Mgumia Y.O, 2008 Levels of lead and copper in plasma of dairy cows, pastures, soil and water from selected areas of Morogoro suburbs. (Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharm acology and Toxicology, Tanzania).19. Molin J Journal of occupational and environmental medicine 2000 42(11) 1070-1075.20. Ongeri, D.M.K, 2008 Physicochemical parameters, heavy metal residue levels and their speciation studies in Lake Victoria basin Ph.D. Thesis-Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry. Maseno University, Kenya.21. Oskarson A., Palminger H.I, and Sundberg J. analyst 1995 120(3) 765-770.22. Oskarsson, A, Analyst 1998 123(1) 19-23.23. Osweiler D. G, 1996 Toxicology. Williams and Wilkins USA 491pp.24. Rabinowitz, M., Leviton A., and Needleman H., Archives of environmental health 1985 40 (5) 283-286.25. Radisch B and Luck W Nav H Toxicology letters 1987 36 147-152.26. Radostits O. M, Blood D. C and intrepid C. C, 1994 Veterinary Medicine A Textbook of the Disease of Cattle, Sheep, Goat and Horses eighth Edition. Paston press ltd, London, Norfolk, UK 1469-1499p.27. Roberts J R, 1999 Metal toxicity in Children. In Training Manual on Pediatric Environmental Health Put ting It into Practice 1999 Jun. Emeryville, CA Childrens Environmental Health Network.28. Selinger B, 1979 Chemistry in the market place.29. Sonawane R.B Envronmental Health Perspective, 1994 196.30. Tsoumbaris, P. and Papadopoulou, T.H. 1994 Heavy metals in common food stuffs Quantitative analysis. Bulletin Environ. taint Toxicology, 53 61-66.31. Stevens, D. 2003. CSIRO Land and waters Methods Manual. Impact of Heavy Metals on Sustainability of impregnation and Waste Recycling in Peri-Urban and Intensive Agriculture in southeastward Asia. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR).29. World Health Organization, (WHO, 1993).6.0 APPENDICES6.1 Table 1- WHO Selected Concentration Mean Ranges of Heavy Metals, 1993.Heavy MetalConcentration, ppbConcentration Range, ppbArsenic0.30.10 -0.80Cadmium0.10.10 3.80Lead5.00.00 41.10Mercury2.70.64 257.10Manganese18.07.00 102.006.2 Table 2 Experimental Design and Sampling Record TableKey D= Days Re= Replicates Lo= Locati ons and F/D- Faecal DropsRe.LoMilkUrineF/DropsWaterSoilGrassSediments123123123123123123123112321233123412351236.3 Table 3- TIME SCHEDULEACTIVITY geological periodDURATIONProposal Writing and PresentationJan March 201112 weeksResearch send Survey and PreparationApril 20114 weeksAcquisition of Chemical Reagentswhitethorn 20114 weeks1st Sample Collection and stemmaJune 20111 week1st Experimentations and synopsis AASJune 20113 weeks2nd Sample Collection and ExtractionJuly 20111 week2nd Experimentations and Analysis AASJuly 20113 weeks3rd Sample Collection and ExtractionAugust 20111 week3rd Experimentations and Analysis AASAugust 20113 weeksDiscussion and Statistical InterpretationSeptember, 20114 weeksThesis Writing and SubmissionOct-Nov, 20118 weeksTotal1 year44 weeks6.4 Table 4 BUDGETItemQuantityUnit set (KSh)Total Cost (KSh)ChemicalsUniversal Indicator1 litre1,350.001,350.00Distilled Water40 litres1,200.0048,000.00Aqua Regia5 litres3,500.0017,500.00Nitric sharp2.5 litres3,500.008,750.00Sulphuric Acid2.5 litres3,500.008,750.00Hydrochloric Acid2.5 litres3,500.008,750.00Ammonium treat500g3,500.003,500.00Ferrous Nitrate500g3,500.003,500.00Lead (II) Nitrate500g3,500.003,500.00Unhydrous Sodium Sulphate500g2,850.002,850.00Copper (II) Nitrate500g3,500.003,500.00Zinc Nitrate500g3,500.003,500.00Trichloricacetic acid2.5 litres4,500.0011,250.00Chromium (II) sulphate500g3,500.003,500.00Cadmium Nitrate500g3,500.003,500.00Sub Total131,200.00Apparatus, Equipment and OthersAAS Analysis Lamps127,500.0090,000.00Polythene Bags61,000.006,000.00Brown PVC Bottles180100.0018,000.00Whatman strain Papers grade 4061,000.006,000.00Thesis Preparation and back20,500.00Goggles21,000.002,000.00Disposable Gloves4 Boxes3,500.0014,000.00Ice Box19,000.009,000.00Labels1 Packet750.00750.00Spade11,200.001,200.00Sickle1600.00600.00Sub Total168,050.00Travels and SubsistenceSubsistence duringSampling53,500.0017,500.00Analysis20 Days500.0010,000.00Site Visits and Sampling10 Tri ps3,000.0030,000.00Enumerators,3loc.x5Repsx3Intervals3x3x51,000.0045,000.00Sub Total102,500.00Grand Total401,750.00

Thursday, March 28, 2019

Flight as a Literal and Metaphorical Symbol in Song of Solomon by Toni

In Song of Solomon, a smart by Toni Morrison, career is used as a factual and metaphorical symbol of make do. Each individual character that chooses to fly in the novel is flying away from a hardship or a seemingly impossible situation. However, by choosing to escape, one is also deliberately choosing to forswear family and community members. The first reference to this idea is found in the novels epigraph The fathers may soar/ And the children may know their names, which introduces the idea that part flight can be an escape, it can also be calumnious to those left behind. However, while the male characters who achieve flight do so by abandoning their female partners and family, the female characters master flight without abandoning those they love. Throughout the novel, gracious being flight is accepted as a natural occurrence, while those who motion human flight, such as Milkman, atomic number 18 viewed as abnormal and are isolated from the community. It is only when Mil kman begins to believe in flight as a natural occurrence that he is welcomed back into the community and sheds his feelings of isolation. The novel begins with the accounting system of Robert Smith, an insurance agent who had promised to take offand fly away on his own wings (Morrison 3). Standing on the roof of Mercy hospital wearing blue silk wings, Smith proclaims to a growing crowd that he will fly (Morrison 5). Unfortunately, he is ultimately unable to take flight and f whollys to his death among the crowd. This is the first image of attempted flight in the novel and the first glimpse of flight being viewed as both possible and natural. Those who had gathered to view Smiths flight did not cry out to him or attempt to prevent his leap, but or else encouraged him, implying that t... ...ers to and rides the air, and whether he reenacts the suicide of Robert Smith or delivers himself into the killing arm of his brother, Milkman escapes through flight (Morrison 337). During the long period of time in which Milkman doubts human flight, he is essentially shunned from his community. However, by accepting human flight as both a natural and possible occurrence, Milkman achieves acceptance. In actuality, flight as a means of escape is conveyed as a selfish act, harming all those left behind. Furthermore, in reference to Robert Smith and Milkman, death, not flight, was what caused them to essentially escape. In Song of Solomon, flight comes across as an act of desperation, in which those twisty would risk anything to escape their troubled lives. Only when you surrendered yourself to the air could you truly escape and find freedom (Morrison 337).

The Curious Incident Of The Dog In The Night Time Essay -- Mark Haddon

In Mark Haddons contemporary figment, The curious incident of the dog in the Night-Time, the protagonist, Christopher Boone, does seem completely unsuited to narrating a novel, as he takes on his authorial voice, thus demonstrating symptoms of his disability, Aspergers Syndrome. This is a syndrome that enables him to see the world only done his limited perspective, which is closed, frightened and disorientated - which results in his fear of, and inability to understand the dubious world of peoples emotions. His description of events can be somewhat unreliable as he is unable to see the real truths that lie before him. As he narrates, readers are confronted with his peculiarities - whether it is not liking to be touched, his fear of germs, strangers and crowds to his inability to eat foods with particular colors. However, through Christophers authorial voice, his description of events in his intent, and in particular, his description of his oddities those seem completely normal to him, make him an interesting and fascinating storyteller. As he can be proven to be an unreliable narrator as he is incapable of lying (and understanding lies) and this limits his ability to observe the full reality of the world, thus providing him with a strange combination of believability and unbelievability. Again, this is what makes him a wonderful narrator - at times readers can misgiving his interpretation of such events, or they can believe him. As the novel progresses, Christopher takes his audience onboard his personal journey, and explicates his phobias to us, whether they be not liking yellow things or cook things and refusing to touch yellow things or brown things, not eating food if diametrical sorts of food are touching each o... ...ic at the similar time which is uneasy and confusing...It is like three people trying to talk to you at the same time about different things. Christopher turns into a wonderful narrator through this device as he introduces us to a syndrome which we find alters on the whole perspective of a persons life. Laughter, something many of us take for granted, sadly isnt actually experienced by Christopher, another reason as to why readers would read with him, as the only enjoyment he would attain out of life would be on the notions of Mathematics and Science. Therefore, we learn to admire and empathize with him because of his adroit brilliance and his courage, evident through his detective sleuthing he undertakes to try his mother. We see how this syndrome alters all perspectives of a persons life however, we also see how he faces his demons to find the truth.

Wednesday, March 27, 2019

Outline for Primate Evolution :: science

Outline for Primate EvolutionI. Types of Primates A. New World shirk 1. Examples Spider Monkeys, Golden Lion Tamarins, and Squirrel Monkeys. 2. Diet usually consists of fruit, insects, and other minor(ip) animals 3. Very Diverse in size and ecology 4. Uses tail as a fifth limb to help ascent 5. First modern anthropoids to evolve 6. Successfully crossed the Atlantic naval 1. Either by rafting on floating Islands or by hybridisation bridges when sea level was low B. Old World Monkeys 1. Examples Mandrills, torso Monkeys, Grey Langurs and Baboons 2. Natives of Africa and Asia 3. They mostly live in Trees 4. They are mostly commonly known as cold weather monkeys. C. Apes 1. There are 5 genera of apes Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Gibbons, Orangutans, and Siamangs. 2. They are most commonly recognized as Primates without tails. 3. They excessively have very large brains. 4. Their diet consists of vegetables and other plant life. 1. Chimps from time to time have been observed killing other animals for food. 5. Apes are subject to the like disease as humans. 6. They can also use tools and sign language. D. Prosimians 1. Examples Lemurs and reversal Lemurs 2. Small tree dwelling primates 3. They are the size of a mouse to a large house cat. 4. Due to lack of facial nerve Muscles they cannot make facial changes that other primates use to communicate. II. Human course A. Bipedal 1. Since apes were pushed out of the trees by lack of food, they eventually had to adapt to manner of walking around on two legs. 2. Since their arms were free from walking on two legs, they could now use them to use tools. B. Hominids 1. A humanlike, bipedal Primate. 2. feature both ape and human characteristics. 3. Raymond Dart discovered a dodo skull that had an apelike braincase and face, but was unlike any primate he had ever seen. C. Australopithecine 1. Early Hominid that lived in Africa. 2. Most discipline gathered about the Australopithecine was first discovered by Donald Johnson . 1. Lucy draft a. First ever Australopithecine skeleton b. Lucy was classified as genus Australopithecus afarenis. c. Named after a song by the British pop crowd The Beetles. D. Australopithecus afarenis 1. Earliest known hominid species. 2. Fossils of its pelvis, legs, and feet indicate that it was bipedal, like humans. 3. Its cranium suggested an apelike brain. 1. Along with its shoulders and forelimbs.