Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Metamorphosis and the Yellow Wallpaper Essay

Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Franz Kafka’s â€Å"Metamorphosis† contain many similarities. They both have the common theme of the deterioration of the main character’s life and mind, as well as the theme of the ostracism of outcasts in society. They also both deal with the main characters gaining a freedom through the demise of their previous lives. The woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is slowly deteriorating in mental state. When she first moves into the room in the old house, the wallpaper intrigues her. Its pattern entrances her and makes her wonder about its makeup. But slowly her obsession with the wallpaper grows, taking over all of her time. She starts to see the pattern moving, and imagines it to be a woman trapped behind the wallpaper. The total deterioration of her sanity is reached when she becomes the woman she imagined in the wallpaper and begins creeping around the room. Similar to the woman in Gilman’s story, Gregor, in â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† watches as his life slowly deteriorates. He woke up one morning to find himself to have taken the shape of a bug. But early on he tried to continue in his normal activities; he focused on how he was going to make it to the train station so he did not miss his train, and how his employer would be upset with his absence from work. Then he begins to realize that he is a bug, and he cannot live his life the same way he used to. His sister begins to take care of him, and he loses touch with everything human that he used to know. His mother and father take away all of his furniture and other possessions. Gregor’s family come to the agreement that the bug must be eliminated, it was not†¦

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

The Obsession Neurosis

According to Paul Ricoeur’s point of view in the idea of theology and religion, there seems to be no exact definition on the context of universality.   The irony follows in the context of the variation of the extent of Naming God and believing in God.   It is evident that the world of today is liberal and is open in the idea of religion and in beliefs, hence, it connotes that for some, the existence of God is still not established—although several followers tend to call for his name.   The valuable conviction of Paul Ricoeur, one which is far admirably different from theology experts, offers a whole new dimension of deliberation and discussion on how individuals name God—philosopher to philosopher, and idea and perception for such delight.God, leader, saviour—all of which are used in â€Å"calling† God and uttering such name for whatsoever it may serve a person.   However, the shallow connotation stressed by the author is blatantly seen in t he arena of â€Å"conviction.† Ricoeur’s belief is mostly philosophical and thoroughly surfaces in the justification of External Reality.   Religion plays an important role in every man’s life. Its impact is manifested on every person daily affairs and his or her behavior. Hundreds of literatures that explicitly tackle religion have already been written. While the list may be inexhaustible, the Metamorphoses, Aeneid, Inferno and Odyssey serve as some of the popular literary works where a religious strand can be looked into.The fact that the Metamorphoses by Ovid composed of mythological stories printed in the form of poetry gives one the first impression that divine beings are already incorporated into the book and that, consequently, the â€Å"myth† in these literary piece may have something to do with religion. True enough, the various sections found within the book have a common subject— the power of a divine entity and how such power determin es the fate of men. Most of the transformations that happen in the stories are of people being â€Å"punished† for â€Å"the sins† they have committed (Ovid, p. 171).This punishment of sins can be taken to mean as one way of reflecting justice in the sense that the action of man is essentially incorporated with a corresponding responsibility and that God—or religion—has a corresponding role in the provision of these sanctions.   Moreover, the author does not only fall in the line of rhetoric canonization against his own conviction, rather on the spiritual and doxological context of the question.  What are you, then, my God? . . . most high, excellent, most powerful, omnipotent, supremely merciful and supremely just, most hidden yet intimately present, infinitely beautiful and infinitely strong.[1]In this certain line, however, there seems to be another standpoint in the idea of Naming God.  Ã‚   In essence, such strengthens the point raised on the e arlier part and undeniably gives further analysis and interpretation that there exists a difference in Naming God; although there has been no evidence of the â€Å"power† which individuals apparently call as God. The author often used a Freudian philosophy in substantiating his arguments.   He stresses that Freud believes that religion has played a great part in the making of society, of humankind. In his writings before, he regards religion as an illusion, which is clearly equivalent to atheism. He then realizes that the idea of God and the religious teachings are some of human being’s strangest thoughts.Freud’s argument about religion is that, it is and output of what he called the Oedipus complex, or the sexual desire of the son to the mother (Ricoeur, 1995). In his argument, he states that the child competes against the father, who also has strong libidinal desires towards the mother. Because of this interference by the father, the child is prohibited to e xpress his sexual interests in towards his mother. The father figure represents divergence and hindrance for the child.If we look at it in another angle, this hindrance creates a limit for the mothers’ happiness, thus creating the reality principle. This leads to reason thus, this reason is the one responsible for regulating desire. This became the basis of the father figure connection, in which the Western religions glorify the submission to the father, thus creating the image of a Father-God (Ricoeur, 1995). This has been a basis of civilization, wherein they are accepting the principle of reality and the acceptance of restraints and prohibitions by an â€Å"authority.† This is the main principle in how they were able to connect human desires with the law.Further, according to Freud, as stresses in the book, neurosis is an individual religion, and religion is a universal obsession neurosis. Freud implies that religion is the suppression, the renunciation of certain i nstinctual impulses, which are not limited components of the sexual desire or instinct; they seek for themselves and are really socially harmful instincts, regardless of the sexual component.   The subject of illusion is another critical part of Freud’s say of that of religion. But we must always consider that illusion is different from delusion. Illusion is much more of the religious beliefs type. Included in illusions is the concept of religion.Accordingly, it doesn’t mean that it is not true, or has no validity, where in fact these things maybe true. But, what Freud questions is the source of these beliefs. The undisciplined and uncritical human wishes. By focusing on the relationship between the individuals and God in the Metamorphoses, one can immediately draw the idea that religion is the binding force between the two, bridging the invisible—and perhaps inconceivable—distance that separates the mortal from the immortal.   Consequently, the manne r of Naming God depends alone on the beliefs equipped in the individual’s character and personality, per se.Reference:Ovid. (2004)   â€Å"The Creation.†Ã‚   Trans. David Raeburn. Metamorphoses. New York, N. Y.: Penguin Classics.â€Å"Perseus (I).†Ã‚   Trans. David Raeburn. Metamorphoses. New York, N. Y.: Penguin Classics, 2004. 171.â€Å"Scylla and Minos.†Ã‚   Trans. David Raeburn. Metamorphoses. New York, N. Y.: Penguin Classics, 2004. 293.Ricoeur, P. (1995). Figuring the Sacred: Religion, Narrative, and Imagination (D. Pellauer, Trans.). Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishers.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Management and Financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management and Financial Accounting - Essay Example The management account is a system of Accounting which deals with the information that is useful to the managers and employees with in the organization. Information of M A can be money or non money process. It helps in Management of plan, control and decision making process. It does not require any kind of legal requirement. In simpler words MA is useful in the assistance of planning, controlling, decision making and motivation. On the other hand financial accounting deals with the reporting of the official accounts on demand of the shareholder, government agencies and other parties external to the firm. FA deals with the accounts, records and the performance of the firm over a considered period. FA is limited to some companies and FA must be prepared by law. They are to be produced every year. FA mostly deals with money. It should operate with in the framework determined by law and IASS. FA represents the historic picture of the past operations. Preparing of these accounts gave birt h to the some other standard boards under the authorities of the previous standard boards and the government authorities and the main aim of such standard boards is to build up a firm in which such standards are introduced which are useful all over the world and their principle is to from such standards which are useful all over the world and useful for education and, implementing in the calculation of accounts in the multi nationals. And they hope and try their best to create an international standard so compatible that no other firm can be compared with it.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

MANAGING FINANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

MANAGING FINANCE - Essay Example Financial analyses of the company reveal that though liquidity position of the company is good to meet short term obligations, but its earning powers, and efficiency to collect receivables and inventory turnover is much below the industry standards. It is suggestible that the company should make capital in investment in machine costing $3 million in order to make cash savings in cost of sales on the basis of in depth analysis of investment made as per payback and NPV methods of capital expenditure budgeting. The aim of any pricing strategy is to cover the costs involved in the project and earn desirable profit. Costs in any project can be traced as direct or indirect costs. Direct costs are those that are easily traceable by the management to specific items like direct material and direct labour for specific product. Whereas Indirect costs are common to many items and cannot be traces to any specific item or area. Indirect costs are charged to item on basis of certain allocation techniques. Again from the point of production the costs are either prime costs or conversion costs. Prime costs are direct material and direct labour costs and these are directly related to production. Conversion costs are related to transforming direct material into finished goods and these include direct labour and factory overheads. Costs further changes with volume of production. On basis of relationship to volume costs are either fixed costs, variable costs or mixed costs. Fixed costs remain constant over a relevant range of volume or output. Variable costs are assumed to change in direct proportion to changes in volume/ output. Mixed costs contain both fixed and variable attributes, and may be semi variable costs and step costs. Semi- variable costs usually represent a minimum fee for making a particular product or service available, and variable portion is cost for using

Saturday, July 27, 2019

The Portrayal of Realism and Fantasy in Children's Fiction Essay

The Portrayal of Realism and Fantasy in Children's Fiction - Essay Example This document highlights the portrayal of liberalism and fantasy in children’s fiction novels â€Å"Christmas Carol† and â€Å"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz† (Adsit, 2011). Realism and Fantasy in Literature Realism refers to a truthful aspect of life which are put forward after observations of different facts and features of events taking place in the life. In literature, realism is an approach, which describes the understanding of life without a subjectivity of an ideal life, fantasies or romantic interests. These realistic approaches are the product of all the influential bodies pertaining in everyday life and they are placed specially among the lower and middle classes of the society. The social factors of the environment play a very significant role in realistic literature. The psychological elements of individuals are also examined in realistic approach in the literature (Villanueva, 1997). Realism in literature emphasizes on proper documentation of the events, which are taking place, with an insight of all sociological aspects and details of facts and figures of life. There are few elements, which are avoided like poetic diction and melodrama in this approach and the subjects’ issues of lower middle class families of societies are elaborated. (Stoodt, 1996) Fantasy, on the other hand depicts such characters which may not be real, they can vary from fairy tales as well as about demons that take us on a journey of imagination and metaphysical form of literature (Horne, 2011). Most of the Science fiction tales come under this category. The metaphysical literature deals with such subjects which can be supernatural and the characters will inhibit traits of super natural beings like dragons and wizards, fairies or vampires (Miller, 1997). Hence, the fantasy literature incorporates such super natural or unrealistic notions, which may provide an understanding of the structural elements and characteristic features taking place in such sett ing. (Schmitz, 2008) Most of people enjoy fantasy because of the concepts underlined in the structure of this kind of literature (Hudson, James, & Christopher, 2003). People are more inclined towards the theories in literature, which depict good against evil, magic and demons and explore concepts, which in reality may not be of any use but may have a profound impact on how a person perceives the situation. (James & Mendlesohn, 2012) Studies of Realism and Fantasy Literature in Schools In order to keep children focused on realities of life and the impact of realistic events in the lives of a common man, it is necessary to introduce realism in literature in studies by introducing novels which are depicting which can have a positive impact in their upbringing and development (Adams, 1990). However, practically speaking the idea of realism in fiction novels may differ in different people (Klemmer, Anoop, Chen, Landay, & Aboobaker, 2000). The depiction various scenarios by writers may be perceived differently because there are cases when a realistic event may seem illusory to one person and realistic to another (Wolf, Coats, & Enciso, 2010). Exploration is required in terms of confusion of such realism in literature so that there is understanding of literature as a basic course in children’s school to promote learning through fictional tales.

Friday, July 26, 2019

The Military Use of Drones by the US- a Risky and Wrong Choice Research Paper

The Military Use of Drones by the US- a Risky and Wrong Choice - Research Paper Example It is time when the policy and strategy groups and institutions ought to reconsider the success and importance of drones as the military weapons of choice. Indeed, pursuing warfare by means of drones is certainly not a good idea if one takes into consideration the harmful ramifications of this novel military strategy. Instead of furthering the US interests and aiding the nation’s strategic agenda, the military use of drones by the US has indeed curtailed the reputation of the US forces and accrued much negative publicity for the nation. It goes without saying that the US exploitation of drones as a military weapon is not a sane strategic option if one considers the civilian causalities it involves, the incumbent political outcomes, the dilution of the army’s moral and situational awareness and the inability of the drones to effectively curb and dilute international terrorism. It is a fact that if the drone warfare or the military usage of drones by the US forces is not backed by accurate and verified intelligence inputs, it could lead to much collateral damage. Experience has established beyond doubt that the instances when drones were used by the US as a weapon against the targeted enemies, they led to multiple civilian causalities (Whitlock 1).and it is only when one digs deeper that one is able to recognize the havoc drones wreck on the civilians that live near or in the vicinity of the targeted individual or group. Though the exact figures are not verified by the US military, as per the recent news reports, the use of drones as a weapon has led to the killing of a number of civilians in the tribal regions of Pakistan (Whitlock 1). If on the one side the killing of civilians in the drone attacks amounts to crimes against humanity, on the other side this trend is fraught with much serious consequences, as far as the reputation of the United States of America as a world power is concerned (Brunstetter & Braun 339).

Editing Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Editing Strategies - Assignment Example It might be helpful to highlight the transition words and phrases as well to see if the right structures are used to introduce new ideas. Another key point to consider in the essay is its style and form. At this point, the best technique is to read the paper aloud. Reading aloud can help the author to notice the words or phrases that do not fit the context of the paper. As a rule, such vocabulary units include bookish or formal words, colloquialisms, terms used without sufficient explanation. Having pinpointed those words, the writer should consult the dictionary or thesaurus to find a suitable synonym or explain the terms used in the paper. What is more, highlighting or underlining key words in every paragraph can help avoid redundancy and wordiness. Finally, the paper should be checked for spelling, punctuation and grammar errors. Then, it is useful to read a paper again aloud slowly, making logical stress on the topic words and sentences, and then quickly. Reading aloud quickly ca n emulate the readers’ perception. Sometimes the structure of the sentences used by the writer is very complicated and the readers would have to go back to particular areas of the text to get the idea. If the writer finds it hard to find the ideas that should be stressed in the sentences or paragraphs while reading aloud quickly, it means that such sentences would be confusing for the readers. In this case, it is better to opt for restructuring the complex sentences. At the end of this stage, the essay can be submitted.

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Summary of Aristotle's ethical system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary of Aristotle's ethical system - Essay Example Another motivating factor is an honor, but again this emphasizes more on praising others. For this reason, Aristotle concludes that the means of attaining happiness, which is also the main purpose of human existence, is the virtue. In particular, happiness is said to be complete without qualification because it is chosen for itself, and people never choose it for anything else. Virtues, however, are chosen for the sake of happiness. These virtues can be intellectual such as judgment, wisdom and practical wisdom, while others maybe character such as temperance and generosity Virtue involves an individual’s habit and choices. When a person makes the right decisions, they eventually develop a virtuous disposition of habit which allows them to make decisions a lot easier when they encounter the same type of problems. In essence, an individual will no longer have to run through a list of options each and every time they encounter an ethical problem, but will instead apply what they used previously. Another question that arises is how to make the right decisions. According to Aristotle, making the right choices involves the people following virtue: which is a mean between two extremes of excess and defect. This means that when an individual is faced is in a certain situation; they will tend to make a choice that is equidistant from two possible extremes. For instance, when a person is faced with a defect of cowardliness and an excess of rashness, an individual would settle for an average of courage.

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Outline and compare frequentist view of probability and subjective Essay

Outline and compare frequentist view of probability and subjective view of probability - Essay Example Although experts like Frank P. Ramsey have referred to the frequentist methods more specifically and directly, the topic of subjective analyses has also been an important focal point in several academic debates. Building at least outlines of the frequentist and subjective views is thus necessary before embarking on a more detailed comparative analysis. Frequentist View of Probability Frequentist view of probability is relatively more common and popular perspective o probabilistic studies. According to Professor Norman Fenton, probability theory can be regarded as the body of knowledge which facilitates formal reasoning on uncertain events. Furthermore, Fenton states: â€Å"The populist view of probability is the so-called frequentist approach whereby the probability P of an uncertain event A, written P(A), is defined by the frequency of that event based on previous observations. For example, in the UK 50.9% of all babies born are girls; suppose then that we are interested in the eve nt A: 'a randomly selected baby is a girl'. According to the frequentist approach P(A)=0.509.† (Fenton, paragraph 1) Frequentist probability is therefore generally dependent on data collection and manipulation of available sample spaces, where a number of specimens and/or trial/error events can be observed. Contextually, Ramsey has stated that probability is of essential significance not only in the sphere of logic but also in the physical and statistical sciences. Academics and researchers cannot be sure in advance that the most functional interpretation of probability in logic will help in understanding the physical sciences too. The frequentative nature of probabilistic studies can thus be assumed as to have special stress on practical trial and error methods typical to most of the scientific and statistical research works. Subjective View of Probability Subjective view pf probability can be thought of as more affiliated to the philosophical antiquity of the subject. The su bjective view takes into account even the individual perspective of the observer with relation to an array of uncertain events. According to Albert (Paragraphs 3-4): â€Å"A subjective probability reflects a person's opinion about the likelihood of an event. If our event is "Joe will get an A in this class", then my opinion about the likelihood of this event is probably different from Joe's opinion about this event. Probabilities are personal and they will differ between people.† Therefore, subjective view is aimed at exploring the theory of probability from the viewpoint of an observer. Hence, it can be regarded as to have relativistic implications rather than practical fact finding approach. Comparative Analysis Similarities As early as 1926, Frank P. Ramsey pointed out the dualistic nature of understanding the subject of probability as a whole. He pointed out that there are two interpretations, those are subjective and objective views, related to the science and art of pro babilistic enquiry. In furtherance with such an approach, Ramsey (188-189) writes: â€Å"And in a sense we may say that the two interpretations are the objective and subjective aspects of the same inner meaning, just as formal logic can be interpreted objectively as a body of tautology and subjectively as the laws of consistent thought.†

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Exam II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam II - Essay Example It is true that, the application of this agreement has helped to reduce the negative outcome of the war. In February 1848, the Mexican-American war was formally ended by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Over the next years, the tension between the United States and the Government of Mexico continued to rumble. The Gadsden Purchase treaty helped to settle the occurrence of dispute on Texas. The Gadsden Purchase included lands west of the Rio Grande and south of the Gila River. The purpose of the Treaty is for the construction of transcontinental railroad in United States along a southern road. The Gadsden Purchase is also linked to the settlement of the border issues. The key boundaries of the United States of American have been settled by the implementation of the Gadsden Purchase. The Mexican army was defeated by the Americans in a number of battles that forced Mexicans to surrender. The war was considered by the Massachusetts as a crime. In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo helped to provide half-a-million square miles to United States (Tate, 2013). The line of the Gila River and the Rio Grande became international border. Moreover, the formally gave away of additional territory was not accepted by President Polk. On September 15, 1853, James Gadsden met with Santa Anna. A verbal instruction has been sent by President Pierce for Gadsden. An agent for United States investors, Christopher Ward was the one who took verbal instruction to Gadsden. The instructions gave negotiation option for Gadsden for a greater share of northern Mexico to 15 million dollars and Lower California for 50 million dollars. The instruction of the President Pierce to sell large portion of Mexico was refused by Santa Anna. Santa Anna wanted to gather money to reduce the ongoing reb ellions. This is the reason behind the application of treaty between Gadsden and Santa Anna. Mexican border was heavily raided by Americans. The Treaty was also

Monday, July 22, 2019

Understanding Food Labels Essay Example for Free

Understanding Food Labels Essay When discussing nutrition, there are a few topics that should be discussed when learning about how to follow proper daily nutrition and living a healthy lifestyle. First, we will start with the 5/20 Rule. The 5/20 Rule: When reading the nutrition label on any food item, you can see what is a good source of a particular nutrient and what is not. If a food has 5% or less of the daily nutrient, it is not a good source of that nutrient. If the food product has 20% or more of a nutrient, it is a good source of that nutrient. Nutrients that you may not want much of still use the 5/20 Rule. You would want to stay away from foods that contain 20% or more saturated fat or sodium and it is healthier to stay around 5% for those types of nutrients. If you want less of a nutrient, aim for 5% and if you are aiming for more of a nutrient, aim for closer to 20%. According to the video, â€Å"The 5/20 Rule: 5% DV or less – not a good source. 20% DV or more – a good source.† When you are more active, you will probably want a higher caloric intake and more carbohydrates since your active body is burning off those carbohydrates as energy. There are six key food label facts listed on each label on a product. The first fact is your serving size. According to the percent daily value, which are â€Å"based on a 2,000-calorie diet for healthy adults† (Katherine Zeratsky, 2012), the serving size is a basis for determining how much you should eat. This includes the amount of calories, percentage of each nutrient, and how much of the daily value that particular food contains within that serving. The second fact, is the amount of calories within that serving. If you are looking to lose or maintain weight, and keep track of how many calories you consume, this is an important part of the label. The third fact is the nutrients that you should try to limit, or stay close to that 5% of the 5/20 Rule. These nutrients include Total Fat (which includes the saturated and trans fat), Cholesterol, and Sodium. Too much of these nutrients can increase your risk for high blood pressure, heart disease, and even cancer. The fourth fact contains information on the nutrients you should get enough of. These nutrients include Dietary Fiber, and vitamins (which often include vitamin a, vitamin c, calcium, and iron). The fifth fact is the % of Daily Value. The percentages listed here will tell you how much of those nutrients within that serving apply to your total daily diet. So, if you have 20% of Vitamin C in that serving, that serving fulfilled 20 percent of the daily limit for that nutrient. The sixth and final fact is the footnote with the daily values. It tells the consumer that the DV is based off a 2,000-calorie diet and lists the maximum amounts of some of the nutrients.

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay Example for Free

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay When a polyatomic ligand with multiple lone pairs of electrons available for bonding to a central metal ion forms a complex with a metal ion, a process known as chelation takes place. Metal ion impurities can be found by using disodium salt of EDTA to determine the concentration of M2+ by complexometric or chelometric titration. Erichrome Black T makes it easy to see when the EDTA has completely chelated the metal impurities. When the metal cation is still present in the water, the solution will be a complex with a pink tint. Once enough EDTA has been added to the M2+ solution the metal ions complex to the EDTA leaving the indicator solvated causing a color change from pink to blue. Once the color has changed to blue, the titration has reached an end point and the M2+ metal ion impurities in hard water can be calculated. Procedure: Prepare 500 mL of 0.004 M disodium EDTA solution by dissolving 0.7-0.8g of Na2EDTA in 500 mL deionized water. Standardize the solution by using a 10 mL transfer pipet to add 10 mL of standardized calcium ion stock solution to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and mixing it with 30 mL of deionized water. Add 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH 10) to ensure that the calcium ions remain in the solution for accurate results. Add four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution so that a color change can be visible during titration. Once the solution is prepared, titrate it with the disodium EDTA solution. Add the solution quickly at first and once the color changes from pink to violet slow down the titration until the color changes from violet to blue. Then record the results. Part 2 Unknown After receiving an unknown prepared water sample record the unknown in your lab notebook (unknown #76). After the unknown has been recorded, transfer 25 mL of the sample into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask with 20 mL of DI water. As in part one, add 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH10) to the solution along with four drops of Erichrome Black T indicator. Once the solution has been made, titrate the solution with the standardized disodium EDTA solution and calculate the hardness of the prepared water sample from the titration. Compare the results to the expected range for municipal water hardness on your city’s water quality lab website. Data: | Test 1: Standardization of EDTA Mass of CaCO3: 0.01 g Moles of CaCO3: 9.910^-5 Molarity of the 250 mL standard Ca2+: 3.9610^-4 M Column1| Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Volume of Ca2 Titrated (mL)| 10| 10| 10| Moles Ca2+ Titrated | 9.910^-5| 9.910^-5| 9.910^-5| Moles EDTA| 9.910^-5| 9.910^-5| 9.910^-5| Initial Buret reading (mL)| 1| 1| 1| Final buret reading (mL)| 26.3| 26.5| 27| Volume of EDTA (mL)| 25.3| 25.5| 26| Molarity of EDTA (M)| 0.0039| 0.0039| 0.0038| Average Molarity of EDTA| | 0.0039 M| | Test 2: Unknown Determination Sample #76 Column1| Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Volume of Water Sample Used (mL)| 25| 25| 25| Initial buret reading (mL)| 1| 1| 1| Final buret reading (mL)| 14.8| 15| 14.9| Volume of EDTA used (mL)| 13.8| 14| 13.9| Moles EDTA| 5.3810^-5| 5.4610^-5| 5.4210^-5| Moles Ca2+ in sample| 5.3810^-5| 5.3810^-5| 5.3810^-5| Moles Ca2+ per liter| 5.3810^-4| 5.3810^-4| 5.3810^-4| Grams CaCO3 per liter| 0.054| 0.055| 0.055| Water hardness| 29.73| 30.61| 30.17| Average water hardness (ppm CaCO3)| | 30.17| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Calculations: Test 1: Calculate Mass of CaCO3 used in the reaction: 10 mL Ca2x 1L/1000mLx 1g/1L= 0.01 g CaCO3 Calculate Moles of CaCO3 0.01 g CaCO3x 1mole CaCO3/100.1 g CaCO3= 9.910^-5 moles CaCO3 Molarity of 250 mL of standard Ca2+ solution 9.910^-5 moles CaCO3/0.250 L= 3.9610^-4 M Ca2+ Moles Moles of EDTA Moles of EDTA=Moles CaCO3, 1 to 1 ratio. Molarity of EDTA Trial 1 (10 mL CaCO3 sol/25.6 mL EDTA @ end point)x (1L CaCO3 Sol/1000mL CaCO3 sol)x(1 g CaCO3/1 L sol)x(1 mole CaCO3/100.1g CaCO3)x(1 mole EDTA/1 mole CaCO3)x(1000 mL EDTA sol/1 L EDTA sol) = 0.0039 M Trial 2 (10 mL CaCO3 sol/25.5 mL EDTA @ end point)x (1L CaCO3 Sol/1000mL CaCO3 sol)x(1 g CaCO3/1 L sol)x(1 mole CaCO3/100.1g CaCO3)x(1 mole EDTA/1 mole CaCO3)x(1000 mL EDTA sol/1 L EDTA sol) =0.0039 M Trial 3 (10 mL CaCO3 sol/26 mL EDTA @ end point)x (1L CaCO3 Sol/1000mL CaCO3 sol)x(1 g CaCO3/1 L sol)x(1 mole CaCO3/100.1g CaCO3)x(1 mole EDTA/1 mole CaCO3)x(1000 mL EDTA sol/1 L EDTA sol) =0.0038 M Average Molarity (0.0039 M+0.0039 M+0.0039 M)/3=0.0039 M Test 2: Calculate moles of EDTA Trial 1 0.0138 L EDTA(3.910^-3 moles EDTA)= 5.8310^-5 Moles EDTA Trial 2 0.014 L EDTA(3.910^-3 moles EDTA)= 5.4610^-5 Moles EDTA Trial 3 0.0139 L EDTA(3.910^-3 moles EDTA)= 5.4210^-5 Moles EDTA Moles Ca2+ Moles of Ca2+ equals moles of EDTA Moles of CA2+ per liter Moles Ca2+ x 10 to get Moles per leter Trial 1 5.8310^-5 Moles EDTA(10)= 5.3810^-4 Moles Ca2+ per Liter Trial 2 5.4610^-5 Moles EDTA(10)= 5.4610^-4 Moles Ca2+ per Liter Trial 3 5.4210^-5 Moles EDTA(10)= 5.4210^-4 Moles Ca2+ per Liter Grams CaCO3 per liter Calculate by multiplying moles of Ca2+ by grams per mole of Ca2+ Trial 1 (5.3810^-4 Moles Ca2+/ 1L)(101.1g/1mole)= 0.054g/L CaCO3 Trial 2 (5.4610^-4 Moles Ca2+ /1L) (101.1g/1mole)= 0.055g/L CaCO3 Trial 3 (5.4210^-4 Moles Ca2+ /1L) (101.1g/1mole)= 0.055g/L CaCO3 Water Hardness Trial 1 (13.8 mL EDTA/25 mL sample)(1 L EDTA sol/1000 mL EDTA)(5.3810^-4 mol EDTA/1L EDTA)(1 mol CaCO3/1 mol EDTA)(100.1g CaCO3/1 mol CaCO3)(1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3)(1000mL Sample sol/1L sample sol)= 29.73 ppm CaCO3 Trial 2 (14 mL EDTA/25 mL sample)(1 L EDTA sol/1000 mL EDTA)(5.4610^-4 mol EDTA/1L EDTA)(1 mol CaCO3/1 mol EDTA)(100.1g CaCO3/1 mol CaCO3)(1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3)(1000mL Sample sol/1L sample sol)= 30.61 ppm CaCO3 Trial 3 (13.9 mL EDTA/25 mL sample)(1 L EDTA sol/1000 mL EDTA)(5.4210^-4 mol EDTA/1L EDTA)(1 mol CaCO3/1 mol EDTA)(100.1g CaCO3/1 mol CaCO3)(1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3)(1000mL Sample sol/1L sample sol)= 30.17 ppm CaCO3 Average water hardness (29.73+30.61+30.17)/3= 30.17 ppm CaCO3 Conclusion: The water hardness of a known and unknown sample solution has been determined by means of titration with disodium salt of EDTA to calculate the concentration of M2+ metal ion impurities in hard water in a process known as chelation. After running tests and calculating the water hardness in an unknown sample it was found that there was 30.17 ppm CaCO3 in the sample.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Detection of Impurities in Nd Doped Phosphate Laser Glass

Detection of Impurities in Nd Doped Phosphate Laser Glass Detection of the impurities in Nd doped phosphate laser glass by x-ray fluorescence technique Atul Kumar*, M. P. Kamath, A. S. Joshi, P. A. Naik, P. D. Gupta Laser Plasma Division A. K. Singh, M. K. Tiwari Indus Synchrotrons Utilization Division Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, M.P., India *Email: [emailprotected] Introduction: The advances in laser glass composition and manufacturing have enabled the development of third generation high energy high power (HEHP) lasers like the National Ignition facility (NIF)1 that are being used as drivers for fusion energy studies. These laser glasses are phosphate based because of their low intensity dependent refractive index n2 and have a compositions equivalent to LHG-8 of M/s Hoya, Japan or LG-770 glass of M/s Schott Ltd2. The manufacturing and handling procedures introduce many unwanted impurities in these glasses, leading to lower laser induced damage threshold and lower fluorescence life time. The x-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a powerful technique3 which can identify the elemental composition of such glasses in a non-destructive manner. In the XRF process, the specimen is excited with high energy photons, which can cause individual atoms to ionize. When these atoms undergo relaxation, the electrons relocate from a high energy orbital to a lower one. During this pro cess, fluorescence radiation is emitted. The emitted radiation has lower energy compared to the incident source and it depends on the specific electron transitions of the individual elements. Thus, the resulting x-ray fluorescence spectrum bears the signature of the elements present in the specimen. In the present study, we have performed XRF analysis on different laser glass samples and raw materials used for the fabrication of these glasses namely aluminum metaphosphate (AMP), barium metaphosphate (BMP) and potassium metaphosphate (KMP). The advantage of the this study is that it can indicate to the presence of most of the impurities like transition metal impurities (of interest to us) in one measurement, if their concentrations are of the order of few ppm (by weight) or more. Our studies on the glasses and the raw materials indicate that the raw materials are pure to the desired levels but the glasses fabricated using the raw materials show many impurities. These impurities are expected to enter during handling of the raw materials and from the glass-cullet during fabrication process. This study will help in improving the quality of the glass by repeatedly doing the XRF analysis after every stage, so that faulty handling can be identified. Method of fabrication of the phosphate laser glass: A two arm HEHP Nd:phosphate glass laser chain is operational at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore4. A joint collaborative project is undertaken with Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata to develop the process technology for the fabrication of the phosphate laser glasses equivalent to LHG-8 glass of M/s Hoya, to overcome the existing embargo. The phosphate laser glass is fabricated as a two step process. In the first step, the sintered raw material (AMP, BMP and KMP and Nd2O3 in appropriate fractions) is melted in a silica crucible. The glass-cullet produced as a result of melting in the silica crucible is cast. The cast glass is powdered and loaded in a bottom pouring platinum crucible for optical quality, and chemical and physical homogenization. During these steps in the fabrication, the impurities may be added to the glass at several stages, namely: a) mixing of the raw materials, b) impurities coming from the silica crucible, c) impurities coming from the glass-cullet cast, d) impurities coming from the platinum crucible, e) impurities coming during annealing and fine annealing of the glass. Six samples of laser glass (named LG-1 to LG-6) were fabricated at CGCRI for the studies. XRF analysis was done on different fabricated samples of laser glasses (LG-1 to LG-6) and raw material samples made from AMP, BMP and KMP, to identify the elemental impurities in laser glass and raw materials. In addition to this, the sensitivity of the XRF technique was also ascertained using small amounts of platinum deliberately added to the glass samples. Experiments and Methodology XRF analysis was performed at the BL-16 beamline of Indus-2 synchrotron facility5 on fabricated glass samples and the raw materials after the first step of melting in silica crucible. The glasses had platinum oxide dissolved in them because of its solubility in the laser glass. Platinum comes into the glass as an unavoidable impurity during homogenization of the glass in the platinum crucible. Metallic platinum absorbs at the lasing wavelength (1054 nm) and reduces the laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the laser glass. Oxygen bubbling is done in platinum crucible to reduce the OH bond impurity in the hygroscopic phosphate glass. The oxygen bubbling also oxidizes the platinum metal to its oxide, thereby reducing the metallic platinum in the glass. The other impurities occur because of the poor quality of the silica crucible and/or cast of glass-cullet in addition to poor handling during the mixing of the raw materials in the first step of melting. The glasses with different amounts of platinum oxide were: LG-1(5 ppm Pt), LG-2 (10 ppm Pt), LG-3(25 ppm Pt), LG-4 (5 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling), LG-5 (10 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling) and LG-6 (25 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling). Varying platinum oxide content helped in ascertaining the sensitivity of the technique to Pt impurity. In the experiment, an x-ray beam was incident on sample for excitation and scattered spectrum was recorded by the detector shown in Fig. 1. The samples were excited using 14 keV and 17 keV synchrotron x-rays, selected by a double-crystal monochromator system. The analyses have been done on all the raw powder materials (for qualitative analysis) and on the pallets (for quantitative analysis). 15 mm dia. pallets were formed using a semi-automatic pallet machine. One such pallet is shown in sample holder in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Raw specimens analyzed by XRF measurements The captured data was analyzed using the PyMCA software 6. The calibration of the measured fluorescence spectrum was achieved by selecting the ‘K’ lines of various elements present in the laser glass samples, and in the raw material samples. The method of spectrum calibration however needs a proper comparison with a standard doped sample as a confirmatory test to account for the variation in the actual composition of the fabricated laser glass samples and that measured with XRF. In the present study, XRF method was used to qualitatively see the presence of different impurities, strictly from the yes/no point of view, rather than the full quantitative estimation. Results and discussion: Figure 2 shows a typical spectrum of the fabricated LG-1 glasses and the raw material BMP. The impurities found in the fabricated glasses are listed in Table 1. The silicon impurity occurs because of melting in silica crucible. Sr impurity seen in BMP as Ba and Sr are chemically close to each other. For the same reason, Rb impurity was found in KMP. However, there no impurities were seen in AMP. The transition metal impurities however may come either from during handling of raw materials or through the casts of glass-cullet. This will be ascertained in future by casting the glass in casts made of different materials like graphite, aluminum, and stainless steel. The studies of impurities after the casting of the glass will give idea about its origin. In addition to this, the XRF technique was found to be sensitive to ~ 5 ppm of Pt impurities. Figure 2: a) Typical spectrum of a) LG-1 fabricated glass, and b) Barium meta-phosphate specimen (raw material) Table 1: List of the impurities present in the glass samples Summary: We have presented XRF analysis on different laser glasses (LG-1 to LG-6) and raw materials (AMP, BMP and KMP) used for the fabrication of such glasses. The impurities in these glasses may be entering during handling or coming from the silica crucible, or the cast for the glass-cullet. The XRF method was also found to be sensitive up to ~ 3 ppm of platinum, as was observed in studies of LG-4 glass. In contrast, the raw materials were found to be free from transition element impurities. Further studies to improve the quality of glass are required to be undertaken. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the contribution of Dr. R. Sen, Dr. Annapurna and other colleagues of the glass division, CGCRI Kolkata for preparation of the phosphate laser glass samples for the XRF studies. References: L. L. Seaver, LLNL report (925) 423 (Oct. 2010) J. H. Campbell and T. I. Suratwala, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 318, 2638 (2000). M. Mantler and M. Schreiner, X-Ray Spectrum. 29, 3 (2000) A.S. Joshi et al, EPJ Web of Conferences 59, 08001 (2013). M. K. Tiwari, P. Gupta, A. K. Sinha, S. R. Kane, A. K. Singh, S. R. Garg, C. K. Garg, G. S. Lodha and S. K. Deb, J. Synchrotron Rad. 20, 386 (2013). V.A. Solà ©, E. Papillon, M. Cotte, Ph. Walter, J. Susini, Spectrochimica Acta B 62, 63 (2007)

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Four Critics’ Perspective of Theodore Roethkes Elegy for Jane Essay

Four Critics’ Perspective of Theodore Roethke's Elegy for Jane More than forty years after her untimely death, Jane Bannick breathes again--or so it seems while reading about her. Jane's unfortunate death in an equestrian accident prompted one of her professors, the poet Theodore Roethke, to write a moving poem, "Elegy for Jane," recalling his young student and his feelings of grief at her loss. Opinions appeared almost as soon as Roethke's tribute to Jane, and passages about the poem continue to appear in articles and books. Recent writings by Parini, Ross-Bryant, Kalaidjian, and Stiffler disclose current assessments. According to Parini, Jane's death is not the subject of the poem; rather, her death presents an occasion for calling up a certain emotional state in which Roethke's feelings of grief and pity transcend the occasion. Following the standard of elegiac celebration of the vegetation god Adonis reaching back to Bion's Lament for Adonis and Moschus's Lament for Bion, Roethke associates the deceased with elemental aspects of nature--the plant tendrils, the pickerel, the wren--to defuse the pathos of her death. A Romantic poet, Roethke views death as a stage; the plants point to rebirth (138-39). The subject of Roethke's most famous poem (45) becomes the response to Jane's death and his ambivalent emotions at her graveside. Without the associations of earlier elegies, the emotion would surpass the occasion. Roethke mourns not only Jane, whom he knew only slightly, but also the deaths of us all (138-39). Jane presents one aspect of woman in The Waking collection (1953): Ross-Bryant views Jane as a young girl who is dead. The poem expresses concern with the coming of death. This poignant elegy is presen... ...ini and Ross-Bryant appear almost polarized in their opinion of the nature of Roethke's feelings for Jane: Parini contends that Roethke mourns for us all; Ross-Bryant feels that Roethke's grief is intensely personal. Other than the nature of than Roethke's feelings for Jane, these four critics find little to disagree about in "Elegy for Jane." Works Cited Kalaidjian, Walter B. Understanding Theodore Roethke. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1987. Parini, Jay. Theodore Roethke: An American Romantic. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1979. Roethke, Theodore. The Collected Poems of Theodore Roethke. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1975. Ross-Bryant, Lynn. Theodore Roethke: Poetry of the Earth . . . Poet of the Spirit. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat, 1981. Stiffler, Randall. Theodore Roethke: The Poet and His Critics. Chicago: ALA, 1986.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Snake Symbolism in Cleopatras Suicide Scene :: Egypt History Essays

Snake Symbolism in Cleopatra's Suicide Scene Abstract An asp bite creates a particularly awkward, excruciating death. The asp venom causes blood poisoning and an intense burn at the site of the wound. This burning is quickly forgotten, however, as the bite victim fades into a state of giddiness accompanied by nausea and extreme thirst. Blood clots form as the skin becomes speckled with purple spots, and there is usually a considerable amount of swelling. The victim then goes into convulsions, vomiting, urinating, and defecating uncontrollably (Hughes-Hallet 106). This is not a death suitable for a Queen, let alone Queen Cleopatra. Nonetheless, writers throughout history have designated the asp to be Cleopatra's suicide weapon. Her death is described as either an ecstatic orgasm or a serene slip into eternal slumber. Analyzing her death with an eye for accuracy, we can see that it is highly unlikely that Cleopatra would have chosen to kill herself with an asp. "Asp" is an imprecise term, which referred to many various African vipers, all of which would have left her corpse looking less than beautiful. The death that Cleopatra is described to have experienced resembles the death caused by a cobra sting, not an asp bite. A cobra would have had to be at least four feet long to excrete enough venom to kill Cleopatra and her two maids (Hughes-Hallet 107). Since writers have taken liberties with their descriptions of Cleopatra's death scene, representing the asp in various ways, we should ask, "What does the snake symbolize in Cleopatra's suicide, and how does this representation affect the overall portrayal of the Queen and her suicide?" The snake has acted as a diverse symbol throughout history, representing immortality, evil, femininity, and masculinity. In the book Dream Animals, Marilyn Nissenson and Susan Jonas further reveal the awe that the snake has inspired throughout the centuries, "They [snakes] were believed to mediate between life and death, earth and sky, this world and the next" (19). The snake slithers through our subconscious, evoking varying associations. Cleopatra identified with the snake during her life, and it becomes even more highly symbolic in her death. By examining three movies (DeMille's Cleopatra, Mankiewicz's Cleopatra and the ABC version of Cleopatra) and two dramas (Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra and Mary Sidney's Tragedy of Antonie) different symbolic representations of the snake emerge along with contrasting depictions of the Queen of the Nile. These varying representations of the asp and slightly contrary portrayals of Cleopatra prove to us that we know very little about the eni gmatic ancient Queen. Snake Symbolism in Cleopatra's Suicide Scene :: Egypt History Essays Snake Symbolism in Cleopatra's Suicide Scene Abstract An asp bite creates a particularly awkward, excruciating death. The asp venom causes blood poisoning and an intense burn at the site of the wound. This burning is quickly forgotten, however, as the bite victim fades into a state of giddiness accompanied by nausea and extreme thirst. Blood clots form as the skin becomes speckled with purple spots, and there is usually a considerable amount of swelling. The victim then goes into convulsions, vomiting, urinating, and defecating uncontrollably (Hughes-Hallet 106). This is not a death suitable for a Queen, let alone Queen Cleopatra. Nonetheless, writers throughout history have designated the asp to be Cleopatra's suicide weapon. Her death is described as either an ecstatic orgasm or a serene slip into eternal slumber. Analyzing her death with an eye for accuracy, we can see that it is highly unlikely that Cleopatra would have chosen to kill herself with an asp. "Asp" is an imprecise term, which referred to many various African vipers, all of which would have left her corpse looking less than beautiful. The death that Cleopatra is described to have experienced resembles the death caused by a cobra sting, not an asp bite. A cobra would have had to be at least four feet long to excrete enough venom to kill Cleopatra and her two maids (Hughes-Hallet 107). Since writers have taken liberties with their descriptions of Cleopatra's death scene, representing the asp in various ways, we should ask, "What does the snake symbolize in Cleopatra's suicide, and how does this representation affect the overall portrayal of the Queen and her suicide?" The snake has acted as a diverse symbol throughout history, representing immortality, evil, femininity, and masculinity. In the book Dream Animals, Marilyn Nissenson and Susan Jonas further reveal the awe that the snake has inspired throughout the centuries, "They [snakes] were believed to mediate between life and death, earth and sky, this world and the next" (19). The snake slithers through our subconscious, evoking varying associations. Cleopatra identified with the snake during her life, and it becomes even more highly symbolic in her death. By examining three movies (DeMille's Cleopatra, Mankiewicz's Cleopatra and the ABC version of Cleopatra) and two dramas (Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra and Mary Sidney's Tragedy of Antonie) different symbolic representations of the snake emerge along with contrasting depictions of the Queen of the Nile. These varying representations of the asp and slightly contrary portrayals of Cleopatra prove to us that we know very little about the eni gmatic ancient Queen.

Revelation and Rebirth in Helena Viramontes The Moths Essay

Revelation and Rebirth in Helena Viramonte's The Moths  Ã‚      The famous phrase "looks may be deceiving" strongly pertains to Helena Viramontes's short story, "The Moths." The story, instead of focusing the creatures in the title, is actually about a young girl who comes of age as she is faced with the deterioration and death of her grandmother. Even though the title, "The Moths," seems to have no relevance at the beginning, these creatures help to portray a sense of spirituality, rebirth, and become, finally, an incarnation of the grandmother. The relationship between the moths and the main characters aids in conveying the main theme of the story, which is not simply the death of a loved one, but a spiritual and maturing experience undergone by the grandchild. The moths help illustrate a sense of spirituality in this short story. Abuelita, the grandmother, uses old remedies which stem from a religious/spiritual nature to cure physical illnesses such as scarlet fever and other infirmities. Her granddaughter is very disrespectful and doubtful of the medicines which her grandmother used, but they always work. The granddaughter tells us that "Abuelita made a balm out of dried moth wings . . . [to] shape my hands back to size" (Viramontes 1239). In this way the granddaughter begins to accept the spiritual belief and hope. The spirituality is not only present in the moth wing balm, but is also evident after the death of her grandmother. A sense of spirituality is apparent in the quote, "Then the moths came. Small gray ones that came from her soul and out through her mouth fluttering to light" (1242). This presents a religious parallel in which the light resembles heaven. These moths represent angels who are carrying Abuelit... ...esses the grandchild?s comfort when she is at her grandmother?s house (1239). Abuelita is her grandchild?s guardian angel or moth?she shows her the light. She cures her illnesses, instills values in her, and brings religion into her life. She is the reason that the grandchild undergoes such spiritual and emotional maturation. It is clearly apparent that "The Moths" is not only the title, but also an important piece of the story which embodies its central theme. The moths become the catalyst that gives identity to the grandmother and her granddaughter, bringing revelation, security, rebirth, and the desire to be reunited. The grandmother, in becoming a moth herself, leaves some of herself behind with her grandchild. Works Cited Viramontes, Helena. "The Moths." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. 1239- 1242.   

Thursday, July 18, 2019

African Poetry Essay

RICAN poetryTruthful and fruitful human experience forms the basis for written expression in any branch of literature. Conveyed through a language of international exchange, it can reach a wider audience for whom it becomes a useful reference in times of need. The English language attained international prominence due to several reasons; one of the most important being colonization. As in other countries of the Commonwealth, English was imposed on Anglophone Africa as a means of easy communication and administrative convenience. It is a historical irony that the same language serves the African writer in voicing his thoughts and feelings to the world at large. While discussing the future of English, Simeon Porter observes, It will adopt to meet new needs and in that incessant reshaping and adaptation, every speaker and writer consciously or unconsciously will play some part. (181) Today, the prediction of Porter came true of African writing in English. It brought strength and appeal to the English language by adding a large range of new vocabulary and usage. Writing on the problems faced by the African English writers, Chinua Achebe the famous Nigerian writer says, The African writer should aim to use English that brings out his message without altering the language to the extent that its value as a medium of international exchange will be lost. He should aim at fashioning out an English, which is at once unusual and able to carry his peculiar experience. (61) It is applaudable that the writers of Africa succeeded in accomplishing the above task set by Achebe, which is by any means not an easy one. Their successful integration of native experience and expression in an alien tongue received worldwide acclaim. Their success proved, as critics like Srinivasa Iyengar pointed out, A shot in the arm of modern English Literature has had to come from West Africans like Amos Tutuola, Wole Soyinka and Gabriel Okara. (16) The role of poetry, in African literature, has been highly effective in providing the people with the needful inspiration and the necessary insight. The language of poetry, for the African people, is a source of learning and becoming aware of their destiny that necessitates the knowledge of their past, present and the possible future. These and several other ideas fuelled African poetry in English. For the African poets, poetry became a powerful medium through which they conveyed to the world audience, not only their â€Å"despairs and hopes, the enthusiasm and empathy, the thrill of joy and the stab of pain†¦ † but also  a nation’s history as it moved from † freedom to slavery, from slavery to revolution, from revolution to independence and from independence to tasks of reconstruction which further involve situations of failure and disillusion†. (Iyengar, 15) When we read African Literature, we should, by obligation remember that, colonization was at its harshest in Africa. As history stands proof, it was highly exploited and savaged by the ambitious ‘white man’. This experience is on the minds of all thinking poets. Despite getting ‘uhuru’ or independence, the bitterness returns again and again. The unforgettable colonial past comes angrily alive in a poem by Kenya’s poet Joseph Kareyaku thus, It is not as you suppose, your lands, your cars, your money, or your cities I covet†¦ It is what gores me most, that in my own house and in my very own home you should eye me and all that’s mine with that practiced, long-drawn, insulting sneer. (quoted in Iyengar, 30) In a poem entitled â€Å"If you want to know me† Noemia De Sousa writes ruefully of Africa, by effectively using the literary device of personification thus: This is what I am  empty sockets despairing of possessing of life a mouth torn open in an anguished wound†¦ a body tattooed with wounds seen and unseen from the harsh whipstrokes of slavery tortured and magnificent proud and mysterious Africa from head to foot This is what I am. (Narasimhaiah, 137) The much-brutalized Dark Continent is tellingly depicted in the following lines of a poem named â€Å"The Shapes of Fear† by Richard Ntiru. Like an arrested breath when breathing makes silence imperfect and the ear cannot differentiate between the conspiratorial whispers and the winds singing. †¦ a twig in the courtyard snaps and report of a gun is understood. (Narasimhaiah, 137) Nigerian poet , the Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka’s masterful irony skillfully conceals anger at the racist attitude in his famous poem, â€Å"Telephone Converstion. † After negotiating for a house on rent on telephone, he tells the landlady of his being a black African. He was rudely shocked when he was ‘caught†¦ foully’ by the lady’s query regarding his darkness thus: † HOW DARK†¦? † I had not misheard†¦ â€Å"Are you light OR VERY DARK†¦ † (Narasimhaiah, 149). The â€Å"ill- mannered silence† between the two is filled with images such as ‘stench of rancid breath of public- hide-and-speak, Red booth, Red- Pillar-box, Red double-tiered Omnibus squelching tar’ that subsume the age-old and still hopeless and violent colour- conflict. The theme of English superiority glares through David Rubadiri’s poem â€Å"A Negro Labourer in Liverpool†: Here his hope is the shovel And his fulfillment resignation. (Narasimhaiah, 134) One of the most important phases in African poetry is Negritude, a powerful literary movement founded by Aime Cesaire of Senegal. Among other things, the Negritude poets favoured the theme of glorification of Africa. They worshipped anything African in scintillating rhymes. Anger at injustice meted out to the colonized Africa is also one of the oft-repeated themes of their poetry. Here’s an example from David Diop’s poem â€Å"Africa. † Africa, my Africa Africa of proud warriors in ancestral savannahs†¦. Is this you, this back that is bent This back that breaks under the weight of humiliation This back trembling with red scars And saying yes to the whip under the midday sun†¦.. That is Africa your Africa. That grows again patiently obstinately And its fruit gradually acquires The bitter taste of liberty. (Narasimhaiah, 153) Dennis Brutus, a South African poet, was subjected to torture by a cruel regime. His writing is full of images of love contrasted with images of death thus, Desolate Your face gleams up Beneath me in the dusk Abandoned A wounded dove Helpless Beneath the knife of love. (Quoted in Theroux, 2) Great feeling for Africa is felt in Abioseh Nicol’s poem â€Å"The Meaning of Africa† thus: Africa, you were once just a name to me †¦ So I came back  sailing down the Guinea coast †¦. You are not a country Africa, You are a concept †¦ I know now that is what you are Africa Happiness, contentment and fulfillment. (Quoted in Povey, 39) A poet’s affirmation of his love for Africa shines radiantly through the following verses. Dark Africa! My dawn is here; Behold! I see A rich warm glow in the East, And my day will soon be here. (Iyengar, 30) Deification of Africa is a fit topic for many African poets. Perhaps this is their reaction to the self glorification and the civilizing zeal of the imperial powers of Europe. Bernard Dadie’s poem attains special significance viewed in that light. He says in a poem entitled â€Å"I Thank God†, I thank you God for creating me black. White is the colour for special occasions Black the colour for every day And I have carried the World since the dawn of time And my laugh over the World, through the night creates The Day. (Narasimhaiah, 122) In Africa, the advent of the white man’s civilizing mission displaced scores of native societies from their own cultural roots. The impact of the spread of Christianity combined with material benefits such as classroom education and well-paid jobs forced many Africans abandon their own faith and adapt the religion of the pale-faced aliens. This situation is responsible for the natives to suffer from culture shock. Nevertheless, the native is expected to owe allegiance to his own tribal culture and embrace Christianity for material benefits. This cultural confusion is well articulated by Mabel Segun in a poem thus: Here we stand Infants overblown Poised between two civilizations Finding the balance irksome. (Quoted in Povey, 39) Gabriel Okara expresses the same sentiments in a lyric thus: When at break of day at a riverside I hear jungle drums†¦ Then I hear a wailing piano Solo speaking of complex ways. (Quoted in Gleason, 143) However, there are poets like Kofi Awoonor Williams of Ghana whose passion for past is expressed in his rediscovery themes with the help of extended rhythms as in the following lines. â€Å"Sew the old days for us our fathers that we wear them under our old garments after we have washed ourselves†¦.. â€Å" ( The Anvil and the Hammer)  again, † Sew the old days for me my father Sew them so that I may wear them For the feast that is coming. † (Quoted in Theroux, 4) He accomplishes the same excellence of evolving extended rhythms in poems like â€Å"The Long Journey† and â€Å"My Song. † Poetic excellence and rare innovative creative ability are seen in Christopher Okigbo poems such as â€Å"The Stars Have Departed. † He says, The stars have departed The sky in a monocle Surveys the world under The stars have departed And I- Where am I? ? Stretch, stretch O antennae, To clutch at this hour, Fulfilling each movement in a  Broken monody. (quoted in Walsh, 48) Images that can evoke a situation beyond hope which are reminiscent of Eliot’s war poetry are visible in the following verses from K. Brew’s poem â€Å"The Search. † The past is but the cinders Of the present The future The smoke That escaped Into the cloud- bound sky. (quoted in Walsh, 50) Some of the poets have realized the futility of fighting over issues such as race, respect and national identity. What more can be more illuminating than the enlightened poet’s words such as, You must leave the sifting sands of self- seeking and deceit  and erect far mightier mansions on the rock of healthy soil. (Iyengar, 36) Lenrie Peter’s poems are short on the print but deep on one’s mind like the one cited below Open the gates To East and West Bring in all That’s good and best. The memorable lines of Peter’s poem â€Å"On a wet September Morning† with their sheer beauty of imagery and the underlying thought of universal brotherhood celebrate the oneness of the human family. To cite a few verses, The echo burst in me Like a great harmonic chord- Violins of love and happy voices The pagan trumpet blast  Swamping the lamentation of the horn Then the heraldic drums In slow crescendo rising Crashed though my senses Into a new present Which is the future. After this brief glance at African poetry, we realize that it is not simply an offshoot of British literary tradition. espite the many disadvantages such as a scarred past, colonial trauma, expression in a foreign medium, inability to travel abroad, unstable economic and political state of affairs in their respective nations, lack of educational opportunities, the African poet has effortless creative capacity. It is an enriching combination of rich oral literature, native experience and imported tradition of writing in English that made African poetry a tremendous success both at home and abroad. The ‘Black Orpheus’ (African Poets) is no longer an unknown or an unwanted quantity but a fascinating and often enviable and beneficent literary marvel from what was ignorantly termed as the ‘dark continent’.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Sanitation Facilities

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and operate for the safe presidential term of charit suitable peeing and faeces. An ameliorate sanitisation facility is ace that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. improve sanitation generally involves physically endingr facilities, less waiting sequence, and safer disposal of excreta. deplorable sanitation is responsible for atomic number 53 of the heaviest existing disease burdens field-wide. The diseases associated with poor sanitation and unsafe urine account for slightly 10% of the global burden of disease.The to the highest degree common disease of poor wellness associated with poor sanitation is a diarrheal disease. Globally, about 1. 7 one thousand thousand mountain die each grade from diarrhetic diseases, and 90% ar children under 5 social classs of age, mostly in plowing countries. 88% percent of cases of diarrhoeal diseases argonnawide ar attributable to unsafe irrigate supply, pitiable sanitation, and poor hygiene. In this essay I get out analyse the scotch benefits of sanitation, the scotch disadvantages, the link between a inauguration in gross domestic product and the inlet to sanitation in roles all over the world including Asia, Africa, Europe and matrimony America.I pass on do this by analysing information set trims which I induce obtained from a miscellaneous(a) f ar of sources such(prenominal) as landal journals, reports and articles relating to this subject. I ordain be using data sets from the UNEP and carrying out multiple regressions. Finally I will be touching at the Environmental Kuznets model to influence whether it applies to this kind between frugal harvest-tide and the entree to sanitation.According to 2010 enrolls, approximately 2 billion peck do not use improved sanitation facilities, 2-thirds of which live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. By looking at pick up to it 1 we groundwork suck up that it is in the actual localitys such as North America and parts of Europe where mess guide a good glide slope to sanitation, while on the different cave in it is the mostly the developing regions such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with the poor access to sanitation. This figure already makes the relationship between economic development and access to sanitation vaguely clear.The Asian and Afri piece of tail regions would be a good place to perk up a look at this relationship tied(p) more nigh this is because over the recent few decades, countries in the Asian regions such as china have undergone a huge advance in economic growth while on the another(prenominal) hand in that respect has been diminished or non-existent economic growth in the Afri send packing regions. Asia is the worlds fastest growing economic region. China is the largest thriftiness in Asia and the second largest economy in the world.Moreover, Asia is the site of some of the worlds w omb-to-tomb economic booms and by looking at dactyl 2 it is evident to elate that over the past few decades in that respect has been a dramatic feeler in the gross domestic product of Asia but very little in the GDP of Africa. Now by looking at Figure 3 which is a graph showing the handle of improved drinking/safe piddle coverage, improved as in drinking-water sources such as piped water to the house or yard, public taps and rainwater collection. Improved sanitation facilities including flush or pour-flush toilets connected to a piped sewer system.By looking at this we can externalize that in Asia in that respect has excessively been a dramatic rise in the access to un grime water which is a positive relation to the GDP. I ga on that flushd the data which is on Figures 2 and 3 onto excel and carried out a regression analysis for the Asian region to help understand to what extent the aptitude in the relationship between the helpless variable (GDP) and the independent va riable (Sanitation) which is shown on Figure 4. By looking at the R squ ared we can see that this model has a difficult informative power as it is very close to 1.According to the coefficient we can alike see that every time the GDP increments by $50billion, in that respect is an increase of almost 3. 4 million bulk with improved access to sanitation. Poor sanitation results in an economic impairment as it is linked with the cost of interposition to sanitation related diseases and income which is lost through with(predicate) productivity. Furthermore poor sanitation can also lead to a damage of time and effort as a result of poor facilities, lower feel of products out-of-pocket to poor quality of water and of course a dramatically trim back income coming from tourism as in that respect is a great lay on the line of disease.According to various studies from the WHO (World Health Organisation), there has been evidence that there are huge economic cost which arise from the poor sanitation. At a global level there is a dismission of about $40billion per twelvemonth due to poor sanitation looking at South Asia alone we can see that in places such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia there is a loss of around $10billion a year, the key impacts of this came about from poor wellness and tourism, poor sanitation can see everyone but especially works those who are poor(Hutton, 2007). Several studies have also been conducted to foretell the economic costs associated with poor sanitation. In Ghana and Pakistan, for example, the indirect effect on child mortality of environmental risk has added more than 40% to the cost of like a shot caused child mortality. If one took into account the effect of such malnutrition, they will be able to see the huge impact on impairing school performance and delayed launching into the labour market, the cost would double to around 10% of the GDP.Improvement to sanitation can pick out various types of benefits to an eco nomy, one of which are the direct benefits of preventing or avoiding illnesses as there would be no money spent on healthcare treating patients with diseases due to sanitation. There will also be indirect benefits such as a decrease in the amount of work days missing being sick and longer life, and in the long run and very importantly there will be a lot of time saved. As we have seen already, sanitation is also important when it comes to economic development.In Africa many new-fangled women are dying every year as they are the ones which carry the polluted water, they are also then coerce to drop out of education during puberty years in order to look after their sick children as a result of the polluted water, this means that women are not able to be meliorate and they can even find it operose to join the labour supply. Every 10% raise in female literacy (due to increase attendance at school) a nations economy can grow by around 0.3% (Dollar et al, 1999). According to Hutton (2008) there could be an estimated that annual investments of around $27million in Tanzania and Vietnam would result in benefits of around $70million for the health sector alone. Hutton also estimated that there is a potential to save around $6billion in many parts of Asia if improved sanitation can be introduced. Overall Hutton express that there are many costs and benefits available and the benefits still do overpower the costs.Moreover, the Disease Control Priorities ramble recently found that hygiene promotion to prevent diarrhoea was the most cost-effective health intervention in the world at only $3. 35 per DALY loss averted, with sanitation promotion following closely behind at just $11. 15 per DALY loss averted. This is to say that economic growth and sanitation for sure have a strong relationship within one another this can be shown on the environmental Kuznets curve.The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a relationship between income and pollution which is hypothesi zed to have an inverted U-shape. The idea of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve stems from the Kuznets work in income equality (Kuznets, 1955). The EKC surmise nations that as income increases pollution goes up initially but after actually time pollution eventually declines. The apex at which pollution level is the highest is called a good turn point. This then evidently applies to developing countries as they are the ones which have the higher levels of income.Looking at Figure 5 we can see that in Europe up to the year 2000 water pollution was on a rise, however old in the year 2000 there was a turn point where the pollution of water started to decline. According to the Kuznets curve, in the year 2000 the economies within Europe produced a certain GDP and a certain GDP per capita which led to the decline of the water pollution. According to Figure 6 in the year 2000 the bit point on the Kuznets curve was at $18000 per capita, this is the level of GDP per capita require in the European region in order to reverse the hack of water pollution.Looking back at Figure 5 we can also see that in the North American region up till 1998 there was an increase of water pollution however sometime in 1998, just like in Europe, peoples incomes were growing and GDP per capita was on a rise. Looking at Figure 6, according to the EKC, GDP per capita in North America will be at $36000 which is where there will be a turning point. Both the EKCs for Europe and for North America are shown on Figure 7. This analysis clear tells us that the relationship between the two is dependable on the economic stages of development.In the other regions around the world there will not be a turning point on the EKC as people do not earn copious to have this effect, good sanitation facilities are the main way in which water pollution can decrease, more developed economies around the world have the property to invest in good sanitation, however as we have discussed, the less developed c ountries do not have access to these sanitation facilities therefore their economies are heavily impacted and the funds for the technology needed to provide improved sanitation are hard to come by, therefore these countries are on the upwards slope of the EKCmeaning they have not yet achieved the GDP per capita in order to have a turning point. I have aimed to show the various ways in which sanitation is heavy to good health and also economic development. Given the data I have analysed, I can surely state that the investment in improved sanitation would be beneficial to an economy. Ultimately, I can say that there is a strong relationship in economic growth and access to sanitation and I can also say that the EKC does apply to the water pollution we have in the real world. Finally I can also say that the level of the turning point also depends on the stages of economic development.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

Miranda Larrin History 105-14 March 13th 2013 The Evolution of Racial Inequality On a day to day basis, humans interact keyword with one another, despite of their race or ethnic descent. However, that is not the way it has always been. Since the 16th century, there has been wars fought, and people killed due to differences in race. Racial inequality has come a long way since then, but is still present in the 21st century.It is good essential to bear in mind that situations of racial inequality dont necessarily pertain to each member of a race.The important question of the matter is what does it matter? The term â€Å"race† came from racism itself. Dating back to the 16th twentieth century segregation has played a key role in history. Not only for the United States, but worldwide.When modern societies began to see differences in cultures, such as having that different skin color, different foods or different languages, the different communities formed hatreds for others who were labeled as â€Å"different†.With labelling viewpoints like institutional racism as 10, the issue is that its anachronistic.

The Europeans began moving the Herrera’s to concentration camps to kill them, all for land. In the 1940’s Hitler wanted to form a new order of pro Nazi Germany. He did this by forcing the Jewish, African Americans, and any other race that what was not European or at the least resembled European decent to concentration camps. Just like the Herrera’s the great majority of those placed in these camps were killed.Particularistic problems such as school busing have held the eye of white Americans.The African many Americans had many rules and restrictions that prevented them from living a normal wired and equal life as the whites. We also forbid them from displaying for sale at the domestic market or from carrying to private houses for sale of any commodity, was on rule good for the slaves that was established under Code Noir.Slavery was made illegal after the American Civil war in the 1860’s. However, The climax of the american history of racism came in t he twentieth century.What is more, segregation isnt a purely American problem but positive affects towns in most sections of the world.

It was not until the Civil Rights Movement in 1955-1968 that blacks and whites began to become civilized. As one can see, racism old has manifested itself into world history playing a key role in major wars fought, protests, and large mass exterminations. Even though there are no more concentration camps, and slavery what has been made illegal, racism is still present today in the 21st century. Today, racism is not as harsh logical and brutal as it was in the past; it has become more or less a humor.Nobody nobody knows just what to do about racial inequality.A common form of humor is a meme. A meme is a typographic joke. Some are of a black man from where it is joking about committing a crime; some are of an Asian man who is joking about either the shape of his eyes, or how Asians are said to be smarter than the average person. These memes are manuscript found all over the internet and are simply laughed at by all races.Historical racial inequality is complicated to counteract.

late Little wonder that black parents, regardless of class, routinely drill their children in how to act when stopped by the police, something few white parents ever think about.Despite the jokes logical and the racial profiling, American society fails to recognize racism today, even though it is clearly present. click All in all, racial inequality has been a major issue since the 16th century. It may not be as big of an issue today in the 21st century, but it is still very much so prevalent.The Zionist state was backed by the USA, a policy supported by most general public own opinion also by the majority of American Jewsthe largest population on the planet in any 1 countrybut.(Princeton University Press) Peabody, Sue. † Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World†. (Boston: Bedfords/St. Martins) Rosenburg, Paul.Its also second in the nation for the location for low income families to rent and white sail to find the task done.

Martins) [ 2 ]. George Fredrickson, Racism, A Short History. (Princeton University Press) [ 3 ]. Paul Rosenburg, Birth Certificates and Unconscious Racism.Youll be liable for any medical expenses incurred in return to sender parcels at the event the info you provided was inaccurate.The towns black community revolved round the rationale, and a chance was lost by the business since African-Americans made up the bulk of the passengers of the bus service.The development of food production was shown to be a portion of the Industrial Revolution, which needed cheap labor and food to gas the labor pool.

The emphasis put by both administrations on such apps is in agreement with the evidence introduced earlier.Because they arent descended from people who lived 22, the rest of the people will need to shut up.There are lots of places which what are symbolically and banned to black folks, Patricio clarifies.The white race started forcing the blacks proceed to unique large stores drink from assorted fountains, and schools to visit and ride at the left rear of the bus.

Monday, July 15, 2019

Meanings of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior Essay

Until several(prenominal) years ago, umteen a(prenominal) pupils who were se equatingate as having ID or depute into an comprehension classroom were non expect to come in in fellowship auditioning, al matchless as late, every wizard in globe prep atomic number 18s is pass judgment to record in stockize opinions. around pedagogs be blissful with the counter stir fleck others argon implicated the taskments argon non an precise judicial finality of what educatees in reality know. For near(prenominal) savants with breeding disabilities, stiffize judgements a good deal get intot precisely forecast what the pupil very knows and where they contrive dearths. sensation bother with evaluateing educatees with ID is the assignment and assortment of ID is that they pro lay down greatly amongst narrates and is a lot ill-matched. fit in to Kortez, pupils with ad hoc eruditeness disabilities ar served nether the head, provided we utilise the invent categorization when referring to the fellowship of and indentified scholars item impairment or disabilities (Kortez).The study hassle that renegades is the situation that credit is macrocosm super in coherent which is profit the fear savants existence mislabeled. It gather inms as though much or less educators atomic number 18 either oer identifying or down the stairs indentifying students. even, this is non just a line on the educators train it is resemblingly wake up on the adduce level. It seems as though when the unite cross federal agencys the nation, recognition is inconsistent. more(prenominal) than half(prenominal) of apiece students organism served be doing so under(a) the IDEA pause B umbrella, students with particular(prenominal) disabilities, spot the focusing out of students know as tuition reposition ranges from 3% to 9% cross elbow rooms the unite States (Kortez). concord to Kortez, non both states devour the homogeneous policies, guidelines, or criteria, consequently close to states sequestrate a leak a doubtful higher(prenominal) or unhorse soma of students identify base on what they as a state remove for legitimate. Be make at that place is much(prenominal)(prenominal) a variance in policies, it is so troublesome to countersink an grammatical case fitted way to appraise students with disabilities. comprehension need to be utilise in a way that ordain non sole(prenominal) get along the select of writ of execution generated by the judging merely in any case the constructive outcome of the command world provided. The fuss indeed lies in creation able to go across a full judicial decision because of the world-shaking substantial actor ins. oneness incidentor that would ache to be find out is how many additional knowledge students would toss out as unqualified to stir in the symmetrical tuition assessment s. other factor that would be resolved would be how the regular command assessment could be intensify to relegate suit the inevitably of the special educational activity students. Also, the decision would subscribe to be hire to desexualize the criteria for students who would discard for accommodations and which accommodations would be steal. In set for tot all in all toldy these decisions to be do, it is necessity for all the characteristics as headspring as the needfully of the indentified students be met, and it is or so hopeless if the acknowledgement and miscellany of the students pertain to be inconsistent. other conundrum with assessing indentified students is the fact of accommodations. When a streamlet is disposed(p) to a student with disabilities, accredited changes or accommodations ar made. few of these accommodations ar uncomplicated as examen the student in a little host, allowing the normal monitored breaks, allowing the student u nornamented musical rhythm to lay off the assessment, or interlingual rendition the directions or questions to the student. When clear changes such as these mentioned atomic number 18 made, they argon referred to as accommodations. However if changes such giving the student a divergent rill, edifying split of the judge, or change the prove in any way it is referred to as a modification and the assessment is no womb-to-tomb considered a normal study and is referred to as a non-standard streak. When it comes to the piece of standard the assessment, the of import inclination to implementing accommodations is to break down confirm the education regarding the students and their disabilities. exam accord is implement in club to increase the the uncoiled by get justify of the so-so(p) variations for the scrutiny surrounded by civilises.For instance, if one school allows 30 proceedings for a test and another(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) allows an hour and a half, the protracted test would be considered the diverge among the dickens. When it comes to students and their disabilities it is totally sensible that accommodations be made in army to look at the test passably for everyone. For example, if a student has a profound hallucination job hence it would just now make moxie to change the first appearance of the test (larger print, recording), in order to show a more true head of what the student real knows, preferably of not doing good solely because they washbasint see the schoolbook salubrious enough. If accommodations arent standard wherefore results lead not be consistent and on that pointfore we wont make up an accurate gingersnap of what the students in reality know. A leash worry that whitethorn arise when testing students with disabilities is the aim, construction, and evaluations of the test. one experimental condition that ineluctably to be considered where testing is come to i s the objective of the test. both(prenominal) tests terminate be dyed in one nation where another assessment whitethorn be dyed in another celestial sphere. virtually tests are knowing to assess a accepted group of students with correspondent backgrounds and hence are colorful against those students who male parentt percent a convertible background. patch at that place are methods for dealing with warp are implemented, not all the methods are not supply to strike submit toward students with disabilities. Systems use for assessing stroke very much affirm on students being diametric on some amount measure of the mazy body part of relevance. For example, if a sensible touchstone could be colonised on for fifth part graders in math proficiency, thusly(prenominal) the students without disabilities and students with disabilities could be matched unneurotic and past peg down if the two sets of students were similar or divergent in the corresponding a reas.The secondment area of design that needfully to be considered is the worry of the assessment itself. Often, more or less students with disabilities do not exercise comfortably on assessments. Furthermore, most assessments are as comfortably as complex for students with disabilities, therefore often convictions version results that are fright for students with disabilities and whitethorn similarly cause invidious reactions from their teachers. roughly students may be communicatory students and may not be about to spare or imagine their answers, reservation it impractical for them to par take in govern tests. many of the students with ID build a medley of watchword agency deficits and accommodative way that initiates their schoolman deficits. These deficits screwingt be the payoff of a sensory(a) impairment, a particularised information handicap, or a behaviour disorder, and would go through to rifle screening systems ahead the baby bird r eaches school age.If a students cognitive deficit seems to be mild, then their deficit would resemble a liberal deadening with no detail area. The students who take up been diagnosed with a special(prenominal) encyclopaedism disability willing incur process highs and lows. Students with intelligence disabilities cede a backbreaking condemnation across the plan as well as adaptational behavior. As time goes on there are more and more students who bedevil to take similar tests. This flock be fractious for teachers, especially when it is about unfeasible to accurately assess them and their progress. or so of the problems that blow over when assessing students with ID, is the compartmentalization and naming of students, decision making what accommodations or modifications should be utilize for each child, and if the test that is being administered is level appropriate for the students with disabilities.References1. Kortez, Daniel. perfume for the field of vie w of Evaluation. come across 1.1 comparative degree Analyses of watercourse opinion and right Systems/ string 3 Daniel Koretz, go steady Director, CRESST/Harvard graduate inculcate of procreation http//www.cse.ucla.edu/products/reports/TR587.pdf2. Centra, J. A., (1986). handicapped student cognitive process on the scholastic readiness Test. diary of learning Disabilities, 19, 324-327.3. Clarizio, H. F., & Phillips, S. E. (1992). A simile of onerous distinction formulae Implications for form _or_ system of government consultation. daybook of educational and psychological Consultation, 3, 55-68.

Sunday, July 14, 2019

Self Reflection on Decision Making

riddle re declaration power and stopping point actualize store A egotism facial expression I institute the bleedshop on enigma puzzle everyow on and conclusiveness do non unsloped reclaim qualified plainly a equal interesting. When we tweak and go steady lean in validations as valet de chambre mental imagery (HR) managers, we im spokes mostone be onslaught with umpteen moorings on a r bulge verboten(a)ine stand that entrust guide us to organize level-headed, veracious and plainly remnants. It could end do which soulfulness to hire, which provider to use of goods and services, or which scheme to pursue, entirely the aptitude to comprise a level-headed purpose with ope coherent subsistledge is vital.To be able to do this we claim to meet the deales of closing- devising and how hotshot roll in the hay tense up to obviate yield opus doing so. e rattlingplace the vogue of the day, I learnt that in methodicalness to grant hefty last-placeitys, the mogul to sympathy logic alto communicatehery and travel the close education from the bodied patois is truly consequential. When we were taught the mixed go conglomerate in purpose- devising do I accomplished that some(a) clocks I sire at a last without considering close to of the options. macrocosm nonional was otherwisewise achievement I picked up during angiotensin-converting enzyme of the exercises. close to of the surmount firmness of purposes throw in from idea innovatively.We were asked to be piece of aspecting showers and deduct up with distinguishable uses of screwdriver, it was absurd to over con duration what a base of 7 girls could coif up with. It besides showed me how perceptive few of these yetts could be as we came up with ideas I couldnt peradventure reckon of by myself. numerous an(prenominal) organisational decisivenesss we go a air be ask to marque leave al unitary never shoot readable antecedents and it is beta we signify out of the stripe some measure. I besides picked up several(predicate) techniques to operate melodic lines uniform lottery up a matrix to change conf utilise knowledge, fishb iodin depth psychology as healthy as victimisation ratiocination trees that we later utilise to the base drive passelvas.The posing on honorable close- fashioning afflicted a cord with me, as it is belike star of the about ch aloneenging labors of managers today. morals shag drop a incompatible core for e authentic each(prenominal)ybody consequently it is steady much strategical to check some universally delicious honourable practices duration devising decisivenesss. As it is root in context, on that point necessarily to be a safe brace mingled with private morals and organisational moral philosophy for an employee to be well-provided with the p bentage. This dogma go forth definitely dish out me generalise and treasure the eccentric of companies I motivation to work with in the future. When I considered what I determine well-nigh, it is c at a timeit.No job rear end be congenial if you do non conceptualise in yourself and your abilities. be honourable and swelled the labour at bridge player my beaver is what constitutes self-respect for me. This is a virtuousness I would not fate to send up and I anticipate to bear on that even small-arm running(a) in the corporate world. As an theater for development, I destiny to scold little and comprehend to a greater extent so I pick up the safe and sound situation forwards I continue an opinion. I accept that during the instance study on unspoiled decisiveness- fashioning I was lively to render the solution and that half-baked education gutter be rather dangerous.Until chirp give us the lawyers advice none of us had estimation of other pass off-at-able scenarios and we had to fiat our purpose winning that into consideration. determination- fashioning is a delineate cleverness in the workplace, and is peculiarly grand if you indispensability to be an efficient draw . HR managers admit a extensive p contrivanceuriency of simplifying multifactorial discipline and deducing facts oddly dapple interviewing and selecting movedidates. scour though HR does not sprout excessively many strategic decisions, they do waste the task of lay out all the education so that plurality in guidance tail end reserve go-informed choices.sometimes these choices associate to the jobs of populate, for example, circumlocution decisions or newborn marketplace expansions. Adair (1999) designates 5 measurements for efficacious decision qualification which intromit delimitate the objective, stash away pertinent tuition, generating affirmable options, reservation the decisions and as well evaluating it (so we know if it was a good or a unsou nd decision). It is thereof very outstanding that decisions be not do intuitively tho sequester a dianoetic and rational approach like the one mentioned supra. check to capital of Mississippi (1975) the premier(prenominal) step to making decision is chore detection.Once this is done, identifying the facts and germane(predicate) information is all meaning(a)(p) to mathematical process this process a success. When we devote the acquaint of selecting the impound option, we croak over some other(prenominal) unknown riddle of rationality. What is high hat to one person may not be to some other individual. reason similarly takes into eyeshade morality in decision-making. non everyone wait outs the cor replying honourable principles. harmonise to Robbins (2010), there ar deuce-ace good decision criteria viz. utilitarianism, way on rights and focal point on justice.These crapper back up act some of the vagueness associated with the decision ma king process. In a large constitution with duplex stakeholders, expect that everyone pull up stakes meet the homogeneous base on the matter at hand is phantasmagorical to expect. David Jennings & Stuart Wattam suggest a cushiony systems methodology, which stresses on the compulsion to concede the variety show of determine and viewpoints that may travel by in a business situation. In almost falsifyup decisions ar not do independently, except in alliances/teams hence it is very important to follow the above methodology.Hartnetts Consensus-Oriented ending- qualification bewilder is other usable pecker when crowd decisions train to be do establish on analyzable and unreadable material. By use the model, everyone astonishs twisty in maturation a solution, so that distri furtherively person feels self-control of the final exam decision. This rump too assist perk up up a much procreative and pull team. close totimes classify decision making is face to convention cipher and uncivilised shift, which is where groups make much(prenominal) perilous decisions than individuals. world advised of these limitations of group decision making can serve up HR managers.As a final point, I dumb that most decisions pose with a bunch of organizational constraints and we take shortcuts to irritate a conclusion indoors the mint time frame. We normally atomic number 18 colorful evaluators and let our perceptions ask the better of us. Some vernacular ones Robbins (2010) points out argon anchoring mold, certitude bias and hindsight bias. As HR masses, we are as well as responsible for many other large number in the company and sometimes what we rank/ get back or prospect can move the handicraft and the population in many ways.Hence, it is important to be vigilant in the decision making process. face-to-face developmental course of study * over these future(a) 10 months, I would want to remediate my deci sion making skills by analysing all achievable options in the beginning I make a decision. I contain a leaning to go with the prime(prenominal) solution that arises barely by and by this shop class I effected that the opera hat ideas move up after considering all possible opportunities. I prize this get out really support me once I polish and jump off tone for a job. I destiny to finalise what I hire from the job and if the organization acculturation fits with my personality.For this I desire to be much than adapt to make sensible decisions than just look at the perspective and make level. * apart(predicate) from the studys I take from this workshop, I intent to be part of idea showers with my course twosome to recognise how unalike people stand for and sire at a conclusion. This allowing sponsor me not just in the decision making process but will in addition do me manage individual departure among cultures, ideas and feeling processes. ma crocosm in an HR division it is substantial to get a feel of what people think and how they appraise the same information. watch the TED talks online and hearing to the way some companies hire used the art of job solving and decision making to come out of riotous times is another way I intent to get a more pragmatical brainwave into these areas. * care CIPD piece group concourse and rendition the website for updates in these palm is something I visualize to do on an ongoing bases to sustentation myself abreast(predicate) with its implications in the workplace. * For my coursework and teddy studies, I intent to use the techniques of problem solving that were taught in the workshop.I call up this will foster me hit the books questions more accurately and respond in a more ordered sequence considering all the information presented. References Adair, J. (1999). closing make and task Solving. capital of the United Kingdom CIPD Bazerman, M. (1998). ruling in ma nagerial Decision Making. quaternate Edition. Chichester antic Wiley Sons. Jennings, D. Wattam, S. (1998). Decision Making An compound Approach. second Edition. Harlow FT assimilator Hall. MindTools (1996) Hartnetts Consensus-Oriented Decision-Making Model. addressable at http//www. mindtools. com/pages/ name/codm. htm (Accessed on fourteenth November 2012).