Thursday, February 28, 2019

Plutarch’s Influence on Shakespeare and Other Writers of the Sixteenth Century Essay

The diddle step to the fore of the writings of Plutarch of Chaeronea on slope literature efficacy well be made the subject of one of the most arouse chapters in the vast story of the debt of moderns to ancients. One of the most kindly and youthfulness spirited, he is also one of the most versatile of Greek writers, and his influence has worked by devious ways to the most varied results.His treatise on the schooling of Children had the honour to be early translated into the gravely charming prose of Sir doubting Thomas Elyot, and to be published in a black-letter quarto imprinted, as the colophon tells us, in Fletestrete in the house of Thomas Berthelet. The like work was drawn upon unreservedly by Lyly in the snatch equatingt of Euphues, and its teachings reappear a little astonishingly in some of the later chapters of Pamela.The essay on the Preservation of strong Health was twice translated into Tudor prose, and that on Curiosity suffered transformation at the hands o f the virgin queen herself into some of the most inharmonious of English verse.The sixteenth century was indeed steeped in Plutarch. His writings formed an well-nigh inexhaustible storehouse for historian and philosopher alike, and the age was characterized by no reserve or moderation in borrowing. Plutarchs aphorisms and his anecdotes meet us at every turn, openly or in disguise, and the translations I clear eachuded to did save prepare the way for Philemon Hollands great r containering of the complete non-biographical industrial plant in the last year of the Tudor era.But it is as compose of the Parallel Lives of the illustrious Greeks and Romans that Plutarch has most strongly and most healthily affected the literature of modern Europe. Few other books of the ancient world restrain had since the middle ages so interesting a career in the bill of no other, perhaps non even the Iliad, can we see so plainly that rare electric flash of sympathy where the spirit of clean l iterature bl closedowns with the modern spirit, and the renascence becomes a living reality.The Lives of Plutarch were early translated into Latin, and versions of them in that language were among the world-class productions of the printing press, one such edition existence published atRome about 1470. It was almost certainly in this Latin form that they first attracted the attention and the pious study of Jacques Amyot (1514-93).Amyots Translations of PlutarchNo writer of one age and nation has ever veritable more than devoted and important services from a writer of other than Plutarch owes to Amyot. Already the translator of the Greek pastorals of Heliodorus and Longus, as well as heptad books of Diodorus Siculus, Amyot came not unprepared to the subject of his lifes work. Years were worn out(p) in purification of the text. Amyots marginal notes as to variants in the trus devilrthy Greek give exactly a slight conception of the limit of his labours in this direction. Dr. Joseph Jager has made it more evident in a Heidelberg dissertation, Zur Kritik von Amyots Ubersetzung der Moralia Plutarchs (Biihl, 1899).In 1559, being then Abbot of Bellozane, Amyot published his translation of Plutarchs Lives, printed in a large leaf volume by the famous Parisian house of Vascosan.The success of the work was immediate it was pirated largely, but no less than six authorized editions were published by Vascosan before the end of 1579.Amyots concern with the Lives did not cease with the appearance of the first edition. for each one re-issue contained improvements, and scarce that of 1619 can perhaps be regarded as giving his net text, though by that time the translator had been twenty-six years in his grave. Yet it was not the Lives solely that occupied him. In 1572 were printed Les Oeuvres Morales et Meshes de Plutarque. Translatees du Grec en Francois par Messire Jacques Amyot.The popularity of this volume, by whose appearance all Plutarch was rendered accessi ble in the vernacular to french readers, was hardly inferior to that the Lives had attained, and it directly inspired another work, already refered, whose sizeableness for English drama was not very greatly inferior to that of due norths translation of the Lives The Philosophic, commonly called the moral philosophy, written by the learned Philosopher, Plutarch of Chaeronea. Translated out of Greeke into English, and conferred with the Latin translations, and the French, by Philemon HollandLondon 1603.The indebtedness of such writers as Chapman to the Morals of Plutarch is hardly to be measured. Our concern, however, is earlier with the lives as they appeared in unitings translation from the French of Amyot, in 1579.Sir Thomas brotherhoodThomas North, or Sir Thomas, as history has preferred to call him, was born about 1535, the second son of Edward Lord North and Alice Squyer his wife. The knightly gloss in Norths case, like that or Sir Thomas Browne, is really an anachronis m as regards his literary career. It was a late granted honour, withheld, like the royal subsidy, which seems to down immediately preceded death, till the recipients fame had long been established and his work in this world was virtually over.It is simply as Thomas North that he appears on the early title pages of his iii books, and as keep down North we find him occasionally mentioned in state papers during the long and eventful years that precede 1591 . Sometimes, by way of self-advertisement, he alludes to himself rather pathetically as sonne of Sir Edward North, Knight, L. North of Kyrtheling or Brother to the Right venerable Sir Roger North, Knight, Lorde North of Kyrtheling.We know little of his life. It appears to have been a long and noble one, full of incident and variety, darkened till almost the very end by the shadow of poverty, but certainly not devoid of gleams of irregular effectual fortune, and on the whole, no doubt, a happy life.There is good mind, but no positive evidence, for believing that he was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge. In 1557 we find him at Lincolns Inn on the 2Oth of December in that year he dates from there the dedicatory epistle to Queen Mary, prefixed to his Dtall of Princes. In 1568 he was presented with the freedom of the urban center of Cambridge. In 1574 he accompanied his elder brother Roger, second Baron North, on a special mission to the court of Henri III of France. half a dozen years later, down the stairs date of August 25, 1580, the Earl of Leicester commends Mr. North to Lord Burghley as one who is a very honest gentleman, and hath mevery good things in him which are drowned only bypoverty. During the critical days of the Armada he was Captain of three coulomb men in the Isle of Ely, and he seems always to have borne a high reputation for valour.With 1590 the more interesting part of Norths life closes. In 1591 he was knighted. At this period he must apparently have enjoyed a certain pecuniary pro sperity, since eligibility for knighthood involved the obstinance of land worth 40 pounds a year. In 1592 we hear of him as saveice of the peace in Cambridgeshire the official commission for placing him is dated February 24.Six years later we may infer that he was again in financial straits, for a grant of 20 pounds was made to him by the city of Cambridge. The last known incident of his life was the conferring on him of a pension of 40 pounds per annum from the Queen, in 1601. He may or may not have lived to see the publication of the third, expanded edition of his Plutarch in 1603, to which is prefixed a grateful dedication to Queen Elizabeth.North was twice married, and we know that at least two of his children, a son and daughter, reached maturity. His literary fame rests on three translations. The first in point of time was a version of Guevaras Libra Aureo, of which an abbreviated translation by Lord Berners bad been printed in 1535, with the title The Golden Boke of Marcus Aurelius Emperour and eloquent Oratour.North made no such effort at condensation his rendering appeared first in 1557 and again, with the rise to power of a fourth book, in 1568, with the following title page The telephone dial of Princes, compiled by the reverend father in God, Don Antony of Guevara, Byshop of Guadix, Preacher, and Chronicler to Charles the fifte, late of that prepare Emperor. Englished out of the Frenche by T. North. . .And now newly revised and corrected by hym, refourmed of faultes escaped in the first edition with an amplification also of a fourth booke annexed to the same, entituled The fauored Courtier, never heretofore imprinted in our vulgar tongue. Right necessarie and pleasaunt to all noble and vertuous persones. There seems no reason to accept the suggestion that the mien of this book was influential in any particular degree in shaping that of Lylys Euphues.Norths second translation appeared in 1570. The title page, which containsall the information c oncerning the work that the reader is likely to require, runs as follows The Morall Philosophic of Doni Drawne out of the auncient writers. A worke first compiled in the Indian tongue, and afterwardes bring down into divers other languages and now lastly Englished out of Italian by Thomas North.In the Stationers Register for 1579 occurs this entry VI to Die Aprilis. Thomas vautrollicr, master Wighte Lycenced vnto yem a booke in Englishc called Plutarks Lyves XV and a copie. This is the first mention of Norths translation of Plutarch, which was duly published in the same year, 1579, by the two book-sellers named in the registration notice. A facsimile of the title page appears as frontispiece to this volume.It is of importance to consider here the tiny relation in which Norths translation stands to that of Amyot, first printed just twenty years before and definitely claimed by North as his source..Norths Plutarch enjoyed till the close of the seventeenth century a popularity jib e to its merits but its vogue was now interrupted. It was supplanted by a succession of more modern and infinitely less brilliant renderings and was not again reprinted as a whole till 1895. How entirely it had fallen into disrepute in the eighteenth century is evident from the significant verdict of the Critical check up on for February, 1771, This was not a translation from Plutarch, nor can it be read with amusement in the present Age. One hopes, and can readily believe, that the critic had not made the attempt to read it.There is some doubt as to which edition of North was used by Shakespeare. The theory of Mr. A. P. Paton that a reduplicate of the 1603 version bearing the initials W. S. was the poets property has long ago been exploded. From an allusion by Weever in his Mirror of Martyrs, we know that Julius Caesar was in existence in 1601. The two possible editions, those of 1579 and 1595 respectively, often vary a little in wording, but there seems to be no instance where such difference offers any hint as to which text Shakespeare used.No one with a friendship of the rules and vagaries of Elizabethan orthography will probably lay any attempt on the argument which prefers thefolio of 1595 for the sole reason that on the first page of the Life of Coriolanus it happens to agree in spelling of the word conduits with the 1623 Shakespeare, whereas the folio of 1579 gives the fourth-year form of conducts.If Shakespeares acquaintance with North was delayed till about 1600, it may be imagined that copies of the second edition would then be the more easily obtainable. If, on the other hand, we derive the allusions in A Midsummer Nights Dream (II. i. 75-80) to Hippolyta, Perigouna, Aegle, Ariadne, and Antiopa from the Life of Theseus, as has been done, though with no very great show of probability, we must then comport the dramatist to have known Norths book at a period probably antecedent to the appearance of the second edition. The inquiry is of little import.There seems on other grounds every reason to prefer the text of the editio princeps, which in practically all cases of difference offers an older and apparently more authentic read ing than the version of 1595. As has been said, we have no evidence that North was personally responsible for any of the changes in the second edition.

Sony Case 1991-2003

Exploring incorpo considerd dodging CLASSIC grimace STUDIES Restructuring Sony Vivek Gupta and Konakanchi Prashanth The electronics and media giant Sony was struggling by means of the late 1990s and early byend of the twenty- premiere pennyury. With each disappointment, it seemed that Sonys prudence launched an another(prenominal) restructuring of the union. By 2003, commentators were rise to ask whether restructuring was part of the solution or part of the problem. How should Sony be managing its strategical re raw(a)al? G G GAs conditions change, Sony has to change accordingly, because their conventional schema wont transcend to the Internet-enabled ideal. 1 Mitchell Levy, author of The nourish example INTRODUCTION For the first quarter ending 30 June 2003, lacquer-establish Sony green goddess (Sony)2 astonished the corporate world by reporting a decline in net hit of 98 per cent. Sony describe a net profit of ? 9. 3 million compared to ? 1. 1 billion for the s ame quarter in 2002. Sonys revenues fell by 6. 9 per cent to ? 1. 6 meg for the corresponding period.Analysts were of the opinion that Sonys expenditure on its restructuring initiatives had caused a large dent in its profitability. In the pecuniary year 200203, Sony had spent a massive ? 100bn on restructuring (? ?500m ? a750m). More every(prenominal) over, the friendship had already announce in April 2003 active its plans to spend another ? 1 trillion on a major restructuring initiative in the future(a) ternion years. Analysts criticised Sonys heed for expense a huge amount on frequent restructuring of its consumer electronics telephone circuit, which accounted for nearly two-thirds of Sonys revenues.In 2003, the gross gross sales of the consumer electronics division fell by 6. 5 per cent. Notably, Sonys agate line trading operations were re complex body partd five times in the past nine years. Analysts opined that Sonys excessive pore on the maturing consumer elec tronics phone line (profit margin below 1 per cent in 200203), coupled with increasing argument in the consumer electronics perseverance was sodding(a)ly affecting its profitability. 1 2 Sony Analyzed via the Value cloth, Mitchell Levy, posted on www. ecmgt. com, October 2002. Sony was established in 1946.The keep companion invented the video rec exhibition, walkman and mini-disc rec revision. It is a leading manufacturer of audio, video, communications and information engineering science wares. Sony has in addition violateed into divers(a) fields homogeneous medicament, television, computer entertainment and exploit pictures. The alliance is occupied in five main lines of crease electronics, impales, melody, pictures and monetary serve. This case was fain by Vivek Gupta and Konakanchi Prashanth of the ICFAI Center for focussing Research, Hyderabad, India.It is intended as a grounding for class discussion and not as an illustration of either honest or bad counseling practice. V. Gupta and K. Prashanth, 2004. Not to be reproduced or quoted without permission. Exploring corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 1 Restructuring Sony display panel 1 Sonys monetarys (19912003) course ended edge 31 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 * ? 100 = approx. A0. 75. cum yearly Reports 19912003, www. sony. net. gross sales & Operating Revenue (? bn)* 3695. 51 3928. 67 3992. 92 3744. 8 3990. 58 4592. 56 5663. 13 6755. 49 6804. 18 6686. 66 7314. 82 7578. 26 7473. 63 Operating Income/loss (? bn) 302. 18 179. 55 126. 46 106. 96 ? 166. 64 235. 32 370. 33 520. 21 338. 06 223. 20 225. 35 134. 63 185. 44 Net Income/loss (? bn) 116. 92 120. 12 36. 26 15. 30 ? 293. 36 54. 25 139. 46 222. 07 179. 00 121. 83 16. 75 15. 31 115. 52 However, Sonys pipicials snarl that the restructuring measures were delivering the desired results. According to them, the community had sh avouch a large jump in its profitabilit y in the pecuniary year 200203.Sony reported a net income of ? 115. 52bn in the monetary 200203 compared to ? 15. 31bn in 200102. (See Table 1 for Sonys secernate monetarys in the past 13 years. ) A command issued by Sony said, The improvement in the results was partly due to the restructuring of its electronics personal credit line, especially in the components units. 3 At the beginning of the refreshing millennium, Sony faced gaind competition from domestic and foreign players (Korean companies like Samsung and LG) in its electronics and entertainment melodic phrasees.The domestic rivals Matsushita and necrotizing enterocolitis were able to capture a substantial trade share in the lucre-ready cell phones market. Analysts matt-up that the US-based software giants like Microsoft and Sun Micro placements and the meshworking major lake herring Systems posed a serious threat to Sonys home entertainment trade. BACKGROUND On 7 whitethorn 1946, Masaru Ibuka (Ibuka) and Akio Morita (Morita)4 co-founded a company called capital of Japan Tsushin Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation) with an initial capital of ? 190,000 in the city of Nagoya, Japan.They gave importance to overlap innovation and unflinching to offer advance(a), high-quality products to their consumers. The fo lows introduced many new products like the magnetised put down recorder, the pocketable radio, and more. By the 1960s, the company had established itself in Japan and changed its name to Sony Corporation. During the 1960s, the company focused on orbiculateisation and entered the US and European markets. In the 1970s, Sony withal set up manufacturing units in the US and Europe. During this period, Sony armed and introduced the Walkman, which was a huge success.It solidly gain grounded Sonys sales during the 1980s. By the mid-1980s, Sonys consumer products were marketed in Europe through with(predicate) subsidiaries in the UK, Germany and France. 3 4 financial Results for the Second Quarter, FY 2002, posted on www. sony. net, 28 October 2002. Akio Morita was a calibrate in physics, speckle Masaru Ibuka had a degree in electronic engineering. When Morita linked the Nipponese naval forces as a Lieutenant, he met Ibuka at the navys Wartime Research Committee. Exploring incorporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 2 Restructuring SonyTable 2 Sonys ancestryes (1994) Business electronics Product chemical companys/Companies Video equipment Details Comprises 8mm, VHS, and Beta-format VTRs, laserdisc players, broadcast and industrial use video equipment, Hi-Vision-related equipment, and videotapes. Comprises CD players, Mini Disc system, headphone stereos, in the flesh(predicate) component stereos, hi-fi components, digital audio tape recorders/players, radio-cassette tape recorders, tape recorders, radios, car stereos, car navigation systems, professional-use audio equipment, audio tapes, and blank MDs.C omprises colourize TVs, Hi-Vision TVs, computer displays, professional-use monitors, satellite broadcast reception systems, projector systems, and large colour video display systems. Comprises semiconductors, electronic components, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), telephone and telecommunications equipment, computers, computer peripherals (including floppy record systems and CD-ROM systems), home video high systems, batteries, and FA systems. Includes Columbia Records sort epos Records collection TriStar medicinal drug mathematical group Sony unison International Sony authoritative Sony Classical Film & Video Sony Wonder Sony music entertainment (Japan) Inc.Includes the Columbia TriStar query Picture Companies Sony Television Entertainment Columbia TriStar Home Video and Sony Pictures Studios and The Culver Studios. Sony retail Entertainment includes Sony Theatres. Comprises the insurance duty of Sony Life Insurance connection limited and the finance operations of Sony finan ce International. Audio equipment Television Others Entertainment Music aggroup Sony Music Entertainment Pictures Group Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. (SPEI) Insurance and Finance Sony Life Insurance and Sony Finance International base Sony Annual Report 1995, www. sony. net. In 1989, Norio Ohga (Ohga) took over as the chairman and CEO of Sony from Morita. nether Ohga, Sony began to place greater furiousness on process innovations that improved efficiency and controlled product approachs. By 1994, Sonys business organisationes were organised into ternion broad divisions Electronics, Entertainment and Insurance and Finance (see Table 2). from each one business division was in turn explode into product groups. The electronics business division was split into four product groups, which produced a replete(p) variety of products.The entertainment division, which consisted of the music group and the pictures group, do music videos and motion pictures. The finance division co nsisted of Sonys life insurance and finance business. The companys growth was propelled by the launch of innovative products and by its foray into the music and films business. Restructuring of electronics business (1994) Under Ohgas leadership, Sony witnessed negligible growth in sales during 1990 and 1994. gross revenue and operating revenues improved by only 2 per cent during that period.However, the net income and operating income registered a drastic fall of 87 per cent and 67 per cent respectively. Analysts felt that the stagnation in the electronics perseverance coupled with factors such(prenominal) as the recession in the Japanese rescue and the appreciation of the yen against the dollar led to the deterioration in the companys performance. Exploring corporeal Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 3 Restructuring Sony Table 3 Sales performance of the electronics business (199195) (in ? bn)* Year/ Business 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 * ? 100 = approx. A0. 75. Source Son y Annual Report 1995, www. ony. net. Video Equipment 928 896 828 669 691 Audio Equipment 882 948 928 841 899 Televisions 552 593 634 618 709 Others 619 793 772 817 909 It was noticed that in the electronics business (see Table 3), the revenues of the video and audio equipment businesses were coming down or were at best stagnant, date the television and Others group were showing signs of improvement. The Others group, which consisted of technology intensive products such as computer products, video games, semiconductors and telecom equipment, was performing in truth well and had a growth rate of nearly 40 per cent.In order to focus on the high growth businesses, Sony announced major changes in the social organisation of its electronics business in April 1994. Sonys attention felt that the Group organize, which had fuelled the companys growth in the 1980s, was proving to be redundant in the dynamic business environment of the 1990s. In the new structure, the product groups of the electronics businesses were regrouped into ogdoad divisional companies. The eight companies were the Consumer Audio & Video Products lodge, the Recording Media & Energy family, the broadcast Products Company, theBusiness & Industrial Systems Company, the InfoCom Products Company, the ready Electronics Company, the Components Company, and the Semiconductor Company. The restructuring exercise laid special focus on the products that formed the Others group. Each divisional company had its own goals and was responsible for all its operations (production, sales and finance). The presidents of the divisional companies were authorised to decide upon the investments to be made up to a prescribed limit. They could overly take decisions regarding the HR issues for all employees up to the level of divisional director.In addition, they were made responsible for the financial performance of the companies headed by them. Sonys presidents were expected to perform a graphic symbol similar t o that of CEOs and were accountable to shareholders. The restructuring of Sonys electronics business was aimed at improving the companys focus on high potential products and expediting the decision devising process to make the company more responsive to changing market conditions. Following the restructuring, the number of layers in the decision-making process was ignored from six to a maximum of four layers.Commenting on his responsibilities within the new structure, Ohga said, First of all, I would like for the divisional presidents to run their companies as if they were reporting to shareholders once a year at a shareholders meeting. My occasion will be to review their strategies, examine any points I feel should be questioned and provide advice when and where necessary. 5 The main goals of Sonys newly formed organisation system were explained in a memorandum entitled The Introduction of the Company within a Company System (see Table 4).Explaining the rationale for the new sy stem, Ohga said, By reviving its organization, Sony aims to introduce appealing products in the market in a timelier means while advertize modify approach-competitiveness companywide. 6 In 1995, after the writ of execution of the divisional company structure in the electronics business, changes were announced in Sonys direction structure. Under the new framework, Sony was to be led by a team of executives at the top out management level.The team included the electric chair & CEO, Vice Chairman, President & headspring Operating Officer (COO), promontory Officers and the presidents of divisional companies. Analysts felt that Sonys management took this measure to reduce the companys reliance on 5 6 From a Business Group System to a divisional Company System, posted on www. sony. net. As quoted in the 1995 annual report, posted on www. sony. net. Exploring somatic Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 4 Restructuring Sony Table 4 Five main goals of the new systemG To fu rther set up core businesses while growing new ones. G To introduce an organisational structure in which sales and production work fast together and respond quickly to market changes. G To simplify the structure to clarify responsibilities and transfer authority, thus ensuring quick responses to external changes. G To reduce the levels of hierarchy in the organisation. G To encourage the entrepreneurial spirit in order to foster a dynamic management base for the 21st century. Source From a Business Group System to a Divisional Company System, posted on www. ony. net. a single leader. In March 1995, Nobuyuki Idei (Idei) was appointed the President and head teacher Operating Officer of Sony. despite the organisational changes, the financial performance of Sony deteriorated in 1995. For the fiscal year ending March 1995, Sony reported a huge net loss of ? 293. 36bn. The write off of goodwill during 1994, the silly performance of the Pictures group and the strength of the yen were regarded as major reasons for this loss. During 1994, the yen was at an all-time high against the dollar, making Sonys exports uncompetitive.Analysts also felt that Sonys consumer electronics business lacked new, innovative products. Given this poor financial performance, the top management of Sony decided to integrate the companys various domestic and global business functions such as market, R&D, finance, and HR. The functions of its numerous divisional companies were thus brought under the direct purview of home. Idei also decided to strengthen the lively eight-company structure and to lay more strain on R&D in the IT field. He felt that Sony necessary to focus on break downing IT-related businesses.Accordingly, Sonys management reorganised the existing structure to create a new ten-company structure. THE TEN-COMPANY STRUCTURE (1996) In January 1996, a new ten-company structure was announced, replacing the previous eight-company structure (see Table 5). Under the new stru cture, the previous Consumer Audio & Video (A&V) company was split into three new companies the endanger Company, the Home AV Company and the Personal AV Company. A new company, the Information Technology Company, was created to focus on Sonys business interests in the PC and IT labor.The Infocom Products Company and the Mobile Electronics Company were incorporated to create the Personal & Mobile communication theory Company. The other companies formed were the Components & computing device Peripherals Company (formerly called the Components Company), the Recording Media & Energy Company, the Broadcast Products Company, the Image & Sound Communications Company (formerly called the Business & Industrial Systems Company) and the Semiconductor Company. Table 5 elemental features of the ten-company structure G A new company structure to pull ahead quicker, more effective operations that better reflect market changes.G The makeup of an executive Board to reinforce headquarters an d corporate strategy and management functions. G The appointment of new companies and groups for entering into the IT and telecommunications businesses. G The consolidation of marketing functions. G The establishment of Corporate Laboratories for new business development. G The readiness of promising young talent to foster early managers. Source Sony Announces a New Corporate Structure, posted on www. sony. net, dated 16 January 1996.Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 5 Restructuring Sony In order to prink and implement the corporate strategies of the Sony Group, an Executive Board was created. The carte du jour was chaired by Idei. The other members of the board included the Chief Human Resources Officer, the Chief Production Officer, the Chief Marketing Officer, the Chief Communications Officer, the Chief Technology Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, the Executive Deputy President & Representative Director and the Senior Managing Director.In an a ttempt to consolidate the marketing operations of Sony, the marketing divisions that belonged to the previous organisational setup were spun off to create three new marketing groups the Japan Marketing Group (JMG), the International Marketing & Operations Group (IM&O) and the Electronic Components & Devices Marketing Group (ECDMG). The JMG was responsible for all marketing activities in Japan for five companies the Display Company, the Home AV Company, the Information Technology Company, the Personal AV Company and the Image & Sound Communications Company.The IM&O was responsible for supporting all overseas marketing efforts for these companies. The ECDMG oversaw the worldwide marketing operations for the Semiconductor Company and the Components & Computer Peripherals Company. Analysts felt that this consolidation was done to separate Sonys Japanese marketing operations from its worldwide operations so that the company could belong in a focused manner. To centralise all the R&D e fforts of Sony, the previous R&D structure (in which each company had its own R&D division) was revamped and three new corporate laboratories were established.The laboratories were the Architecture laboratory (responsible for carrying out R&D for software, internet and IT-related technologies), the Product Development testing ground (R&D for product development in AV businesses) and the System & LSI research laboratory (R&D for LSI and system design, the basic components of hardware products). In addition, a new D21 laboratory was established to conduct long-term R&D for future oriented technology intensive products. Sony also gave idiom to grooming young, knowing people to take up top management positions. The company also introduced the oncept of virtual companies temporary groups consisting of people from different divisions for establish hybrid products. Sony employ this idea when developing the latest generation Mini Disk players. For the financial year 199596, Sony reg istered a 15 per cent extend in revenues and became fat again. In April 1998, a new organisation, Corporate Information Systems Solutions (CISS), was established to adjust and upgrade Sonys information network systems and its global supply chain. The CISS comprised an consultative committee of individuals from management consultancy firms and Sonys CISS representatives.The committee members advised the President on technological and strategic issues related to CISS. Representatives of the CISS were placed in all divisional companies to accelerate the implementation of corporate IT projects. During early 1998, Sony formed Sony Online Entertainment in the US to focus on internet-related projects. In May 1998, Sony changed the composition of its board of directors and established the new position of Co-Chief Executive Officer (Co-CEO). Idei was appointed Co-CEO. Idei reshuffled the management system to urge speedy decision making, improve efficiency, and provide greater role clari ty to managers.The new system separated individuals responsible for political from those who were responsible for operations. Under the new system, Idei was responsible for planning and designing Sonys strategies and supervising the growth of e-business. Along with Ohga, he had to supervise the performance of the broad(a) Sony group. President Ando was made responsible for overseeing Sonys core electronics business, while Chief Financial Officer (CFO) Tokunaka was made responsible for the companys financial strategies and network businesses.In addition, the top management positions of Sonys global subsidiaries, which were previously called Corporate Executive Officers, were redesignated Group Executive Officers. Explaining the rationale for these changes, a Sony spokesman said, These changes are aimed at making Sonys management more agile. 7 7 Sony Names Management Team, by Yoshiko Hara, EE Times, 9 May 2000. Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 6 Restruc turing Sony Table 6 Sales performance of Sonys businesses (199599) (in ? bn)* Year/Business 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 CAGR (4 years) ? 100 = approx. A0. 75. Source Sony Annual Report, 1999, posted on www. sony. net. Electronics 3027 3283 3930 4377 4355 8. 55% Game 35 201 408 700 760 215% Music 481 506 570 660 719 10. 5% Pictures 282 317 439 643 540 17% Insurance 113 207 228 291 339 31% Others 52 78 88 84 81 11. 7% The implications From 1995 to 1999, Sonys electronics business (on which the restructuring efforts were focused) grew at a heighten annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8. 55 per cent (see Table 6). The music business had a CAGR of 10. 5 per cent while the pictures business had a CAGR of 17 per cent. world-shaking gains were, however, recorded by the games and insurance business. The games business registered a CAGR of 215 per cent, while the insurance business registered a CAGR of 31 per cent. In the late 1990s, Sonys financial performance deteriorated. For the financial year 199 899, its net income dropped by 19. 4 per cent. During that period, Sony was banking heavily on its PlayStation computer game machines. It was estimated that the PlayStation (Games business) accounted for nearly 42 per cent of Sonys operating profits and 15 per cent of total sales for the quarter OctoberDecember 1998.In the late 1990s, many companies across the world were attempting to coin in on the internet boom. At that time, Sonys management felt the withdraw to establish a link between its electronics business (TVs, music systems, computers) and its message-related businesses (music, video games, movies and financial services) by making use of the internet. The management felt that in future, the revenues generated by internet-related businesses might even surpass those earned through the consumer electronics business. It wanted to use the internet as a medium for interchange its electronic products as well as its content (music, movies and so on).In order to achieve this, S ony announced another reorganisation of business operations. Analysts felt that Sony was in a good position to exploit the opportunities offered by the internet since the company already had an established position in the electronics and content-related businesses. THE UNIFIED-DISPERSED MANAGEMENT MODEL In April 1999, Sony announced changes in its organisational structure. Through the new framework, the company aimed at streamlining its business operations to better exploit the opportunities offered by the internet.Sonys key business divisions Consumer Electronics division, Components division, Music division and the Games division were reorganised into network businesses. This involved the decline of ten divisional companies into three network companies, Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) Company and the Broadcasting & Professional Systems (B&PS) Company (see picture 1). SCE Company was responsible for the PlayStation business while the B&PS Company supplied video and audio equi pment for business, broadcast, education, industrial, aesculapian and production related markets.The restructuring aimed at achieving three objectives fortify the electronics business, privatising three Sony subsidiaries, and strengthening the management capabilities. The restructuring also aimed at enhancing shareholder value through Value Creation Management. 8 8 It aimed at creating value by dividing the group into networked autonomous business units such that the resources within the Sony Group complemented each other. Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 7 Restructuring Sony give 1 The unified-dispersed management modelSource Sony Announces Organization Structure for New mesh Companies, posted on www. sony. net, 29 March 1999. Strengthening the electronics business The three network companies created were the Home vane Company, the Personal IT net profit Company and the Core Technology & Network Company. Each network company was governed by a net work company management committee (NCMC) and a network committee board (NCB). The NCMC was responsible for developing management policies and strategies. Its members included the officers and presidents of the concerned network company.The NCB was responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the network company while keeping in mind the overall corporate strategy of the entire organisation. Each NCB was chaired by the concerned companys President & CEO, Deputy President, President and Representative Director, two Executive Deputy Presidents and Representative Directors, and Corporate Senior Vice President. The new structure aimed at decentralising the worldwide operations of the company. The corporate headquarters gave the network companies the authority to function as autonomous entities in their corresponding businesses.To facilitate more functional and operational autonomy, the corporate headquarters also transferred the needed support functions and R&D labs to each ne twork company. To give a further boost to Sonys electronics business, the management created Digital Network Solutions (DNS) under the purview of headquarters. The role of DNS was to create a network business model by charting strategies and developing essential technologies for exploiting the opportunities offered by the internet. The basic aim of creating DNS was to develop a network base that would provide customers with digital content (such as music and movies) and financial services.Privatising Sonys subsidiaries As part of its strategy to get ahead functional and operational autonomy and to devote more attention to units which contributed significantly to its revenues and profits, Sony decided to convert three of its companies Sony Music Entertainment ( Japan), Sony Chemical Corporation (manufactured printed circuit boards (PCBs), recording media and automotive batteries), and Sony Precision Technology (manufactured semiconductor superintendence equipment and precision mea suring devices) into wholly Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 8 Restructuring Sony owned subsidiaries of Sony.In addition, Sony born-again SCE, which was jointly owned by Sony and Sony Music Entertainment ( Japan), into a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony. Strengthening the management capability To strengthen the management capability, Sony clearly demarcated the roles of headquarters and the newly created network companies. Accordingly, bill was made between the strategic and support functions. Sonys headquarters was split into two separate units Group Headquarters and Business Unit Support. The role of Group Headquarters was to oversee group operations and expedite the allocation of resources within the group.The support functions, such as accounting, human resources and general affairs, were handled by the network companies so that they could enjoy more autonomy in their operations. Significant long-term R&D projects were directly supervised by the headquarters, while the immediate and short-term R&D projects were transferred to the concerned network companies. In order to evaluate the performance of the network companies, a value based performance measurement system9 was introduced. The implications While pursuing its restructuring efforts, Sony started developing products which were compatible with the internet.Its electronic products, such as digital cameras, personal computers, music systems, and Walkman, were made nett compatible. Through its website, www. sony. net, consumers could participate in popular television game shows, find out to music, and download songs and movie trailers. Sony also ventured into e-business with the acquisition of Sky Perfect Communications. 10 While focusing on offering internet-enabled products, Sony also attempted to increase internet penetration by offering internet connection at lower woo and higher speed to consumers in urban areas. Sonys restructuring efforts in 1999 were well recei ved by investors.Following the announcement of the restructuring programme, Sonys carnation prices nearly tripled. This positive trend continued even in 2000. By March 2000, its stock prices were at a high of $152. Having already offered its PlayStation game console on the internet, Sony successfully launched its PlayStation 2 (PS2) video game console in Japan in March 2000. The PS2 sold 980,000 units within the first three days of its launch. However, Sony still faced problems since its other businesses, including electronics, movies, personal computers, and alert telecommunications, were not performing well.Analysts felt that the low internet penetration rate in Japan (estimated to be 13 per cent in 1999) was proving to be a major hurdle for Sony. Consequently, Sonys financial performance deteriorated by the end of 1990s. For fiscal 1999 2000, Sonys net income fell to ? 121. 83bn compared to ? 179bn in the fiscal 199899. This resulted in a major fall in its stock prices. By May 2000, Sonys stock prices fell by 40 per cent to $89. Analysts were quick to criticise Sonys efforts towards transforming itself into a web-enabled company.They commented that the company had created more air rather than taking a fewer significant steps in this regard. In response to these financial problems, Sony announced a reshuffle in its top management. Idei became the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Sony. Ando, who headed Sonys PC division, was 9 A system that helps in effectively determining the cost of capital. The measurement is based on economic profit, which is calculated by subtracting the cost of debt and equity from the operating profit after tax. Sony planned to use this system of measurement to set targets and evaluate business unit performance.The performance was to be linked, in future, with management compensation. 10 A popular satellite broadcast medium company in Japan which owned Sky Perfect TV and had successfully ventured into the internet service provider (ISP) business by launching the website, www. so-net. This website enabled online shopping, interactive games, fortune telling as well as stockbroking. Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 9 Restructuring Sony made the President, while Tokunaka, who previously headed the PlayStation unit, was made the Chief Financial Officer of Sony.Sony also undertook a massive cost-cutting exercise. Its global manufacturing facilities were reduced from 70 in 1999 to 65 in 2001. Sony planned to further bring down the number of manufacturing facilities to 55 by the end of 2003. This run for would result in the elimination of 17,000 jobs. While implementing these measures, the company had to deal with severe resistance from employee unions and local governments (in areas where jobs would be eliminated). Despite the above measures, Sonys financial condition did not show any significant improvement in 2001.The company was severely affected by the slowdown in the IT i ndustry during 200001, which led to a decline in the demand for its computer-related products. As a result, in spite of a 9. 4 per cent increase in revenue in the fiscal 200001 (mainly due to the improved sales of the PlayStation games console) Sonys net income dropped significantly from ? 121. 83bn in the fiscal 19992000 to ? 16. 75bn in the fiscal 200001. Analysts commented that Sony required a new business model. The company had immediately to take concrete measures to increase its net income.Sonys management also felt that with the outlet of net-compatible devices like cellular phones, audio and video gadgets and laptops, PCs were losing their charm. It felt that in the appear age of broadband11 the demand for the above products was likely to increase in future. Sonys management felt that in order to boost profitability and exploit the opportunities offered by the broadband era, there was a need for yet another organisational restructuring. RESTRUCTURING EFFORTS IN 2001 Sony announced another round of organisational restructuring in March 2001.The company aimed at transforming itself into a Personal Broadband Network Solutions company by launching a wide range of broadband products and services for its customers across the world. Explaining the objective of the restructuring, Idei said, By capitalising on this business structure and by having businesses cooperate with each other, we aim to become the leading media and technology company in the broadband era. 12 The restructuring involved designing a new headquarters to function as a hub for Sonys strategy, strengthening the electronics business, and facilitating network-based content distribution.New headquarters to function as a hub for Sonys strategy Under the new structural framework (see Exhibit 2), Sonys headquarters was revamped into a Global Hub centred on five key businesses electronics, entertainment, games, financial services and internet/ communication service. The primary role of the Globa l Hub (headed by the top management) was to devise the overall management strategy of the company. Sonys management decided to integrate all the electronics business related activities under the newly created Electronic Headquarters (Electronics HQ).In order to achieve the convergence of Audio Video Products with IT (AV/IT convergence), Sony devised a unique strategy called 4 Network Gateway. Under this strategy, the games and internet/communication service businesses were combined with the electronics hardware business so that innovative products could be developed and offered for the broadband market. The three businesses were under the supervision of Ando. In order to provide support services for the entire group, a management platform was created, which consisted of key support functions in diverse fields such as accounting, finance, legal, intellectual 11An acronym for broad bandwidth, it is a high-speed, high-capacity data transmission lend that sends and receives information on coaxial cablegram or fibre-optic cable (which has a wider bandwidth than conventional telephone lines). This channel can carry video, vocalism and data simultaneously. 12 As quoted in the Annual Report 2002, www. sony. net. Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 10 Restructuring Sony Exhibit 2 Sony organisational chart electronics-related business (as of 1 April 2001)Source A New Group Structure for the Next storey of Integrated, Decentralized Management, www. sony. net, 29 March 2001. copyrights, human resources, information systems, human race relations, external affairs and design. The management platform was later split into the Engineering, Management and Customer Service (EMCS) Company and the Sales Platform (which comprised the regional sales companies and region-based internet direct marketing functions). The management platform was headed by the Chief Administrative Officer, a newly created position.Sonys management also converted the product -centric network companies into solution-oriented companies by regrouping them into seven companies. Group resources were allocated among the network companies on the background of their growth potential. Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 11 Restructuring Sony Strengthening electronics business To enhance the profitability of the electronics segment, Sonys management decided to give emphasis to product development efforts. The management felt it was also essential to enhance the quality of the electronic devices manufactured.In order to achieve this, Sonys management devised an innovative business model called the ubiquitous Value Network,13 which affiliated the companys existing hardware, content and services through an agency of networks. Sony planned to develop a wide range of products which could be machine-accessible through this network. Network-based content distribution Like the electronics, games and internet/communication service businesses, the entertainment and financial services businesses were also developed in a network compatible manner to facilitate electronic content distribution.In the entertainment business, music and movies were converted into a digital format and distributed over the internet (apart from being distributed through traditional channels such as music stores and theatres). In Japan, Sony Music Entertainment launched online music through its website. This website allowed customers to download popular songs for a fee. In the financial services business, Sony Life Insurance Japan launched the Life deviser consultancy system which offered personalised financial services online to its customers.Sony Life Assurance Japan also went online and started selling its insurance policies over the internet. The implications Soon after the reorganisation, Sony launched approximately innovative products to cater to the broadband market. For instance, in 2001, the company launched a serial publication of inte rnet-compatible mobile phones. However, the product was unsuccessful (owing to problems in the software used in the mobile devices) and in early 2002 Sony had to recall three batches of phones sold to Japanese companies. In consequence, Sony had to write off $110m in the quarter ending June 2002.In April 2003, Sony announced another major restructuring exercise (to be carried out in the next three years) in order to strengthen its corporate value (see Exhibit 3). Following this announcement, Sony was reorganised into seven business entities four network companies and three business groups (see Exhibit 4). These business entities were given the authority to frame short-term and long-term strategies. According to analysts, the companys financial performance did not improve in spite of the frequent restructuring by Sonys management.For the financial year 200102, Sonys operating income fell by a significant 40. 3 per cent while its revenues registered a marginal increase of 3. 6 per ce nt. According to a BusinessWeek report, sales of Sonys most profitable products the PlayStation and the PS2 game consoles were likely to fall (see Exhibit 5). Due to Sonys poor financial performance, the management planned to further reduce the number of manufacturing facilities and shift some production activities out of Japan.Analysts also criticised Sony for being a diversified business conglomerate engaged in several businesses from semiconductors to financial services. They felt that the company should focus on a few highly profitable businesses like games, insurance, and audio-video equipment and hive off the unprofitable businesses. Analysts felt that spending huge amounts of capital on restructuring was not justified, particularly since the restructuring exercises had not yielded the expected results. In 2001, restructuring efforts had cost the company ? 100bn and the proposed restructuring in April 2003 was expected to cost another ? 40bn. 13 The Ubiquitous Value Network is an environment in which PC and non-PC consumer electronics devices are seamlessly connected to each other and to the network, giving users access to all types of content or service, from anywhere across the globe. Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 12 Restructuring Sony Exhibit 3 Sony organisational chart (as of 1 April 2003) Source Sony Announces Executive Appointments and Organizational Reforms legal as of April 1, 2003, www. sony. net, 31 March 2003. Exhibit 4 Responsibilities of network companies and business groups No. 2 3 Network company/ business group Home Network Company Broadband Network Company IT and Mobile Solutions Network Company 4 5 6 Micro Systems Network Company Game Business Group Entertainment Business Group Responsibility To create a new home environment with networked electronic devices centred on next-generation TV Development of next-generation electronics devices and linkages to Game devices To realise a connected world with PC and mobile devices and strengthen the B2B solutions business To enhance key devices and modules as core components of attractive set products To promote Game businesses for the broadband era To develop entertainment content businesses based on pictures and music and develop a new content business model for the network era To integrate various business units providing services based on direct contact with customers (finance, retail, etc). Strengthen synergies and develop attractive new business models for customers through the application of IT. 7 Personal Solutions Business Group Source Sony Announces Executive Appointments and Organizational Reforms Effective as of April 1, 2003, www. sony. et, 31 March 2003. Analysts also felt that the convergence of consumer electronics, PCs and the internet was not only opening up new opportunities for Sony but also creating more competition for its core businesses. As Sony took steps to strengthen its networking capabilities, the company fac ed new forms of competition in both domestic as well as foreign markets. For instance, in the US, software giants like Microsoft and Sun Microsystems (as well as a few startups) were planning to enter the home entertainment market. Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 13 Restructuring Sony Exhibit 5 Break-up of Sonys businesses (31 March 2002)Business Electronics Games Insurance Films Music Others Sales ($bn) 35. 6 7. 4 3. 7 4. 6 4. 5 0. 6 Operating profits ($m) 125 578 91 147 203 NA Source thunder mug Sony Retain the Magic, by Irene M. Kunii & Cliff Edward, BusinessWeek, 11 March 2002. veritable(a) Cisco Systems, which provided network solutions, had started manufacturing consumer electronics products. A BusinessWeek report said that Sony lacked any typical competencies in the internet-related businesses. It was neither an aggregator of content like Yahoo , nor a limited-product vendor with an efficient distribution network such as Dell. Exploring Corpo rate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 14

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Review Questions Chapter

red chromatic reefs argon elaborate networks of crevices, ledges, and holes made up of calcium carbonate coral polyps argon tiny animals that build coral reefs by secreting a change surface of limestone around their bodies that accumulate once multiple polyps die.Coral reefs help moderate atmospheric temperatures by removing CA from the atmosphere, act as natural barriers that help protect of the worlds coast melodys from erosion by battering waves and storms, provide habitats for a variety of oceanic organisms, produce about one-tenth of the global fish understanding, one-fourth of the catch n developing countries, provide Jobs and building materials for some of the worlds poorest countries, and support seek and tourism Industries worth billions of dollars each year.Coral bleaching is when a coral becomes stressed and the alga on which it depends for food and color die out, leaving an underlying neat or bleached skeleton of calcium carbonate this occurs beca exercise of in creased peeing temperatures and runoff of silt from the land. 2. The two major aquatic life regulates atomic number 18 saltiness body of body of water (marine) and freshwater life zones. 3. Phytoplankton (plank plankton) argon multiple types of algae Zooplankton (animal Lankan) be primary and secondary consumers which feed off phytoplankton (primary consumers) or other zooplankton (secondary consumers these regurgitate from protozoa to large invertebrates such as Jellyfish. Alternation atomic number 18 much littler plankton that may be responsible for 70% of the primary productivity earnest the ocean surface. Nektons are strongly swimming consumers such as fish, turtles, and whales. Penthouses are bottom dwellers that attach themselves to one spot (e. G. Barnacles, oysters, worms, lobsters, crabs). Decomposer are organisms (mainly bacteria) which break reduce the organic compounds in the dead bodies and haves of aquatic organisms into simple nutrient compounds for use b y aquatic producers. 4. A major advantage of living In an aquatic life zone Is the fact that there Is spunky biodiversity.A single out Is that It Is constantly affected by gracious activities. 5. The four factors that determine the types and amount of organisms found in these layers are temperature, access to sunlight for photosynthesis, turn 02 content, and approachability of nutrients. 6. The marine systems provide climate moderation, carbon doodle absorption, nutrient cycling, xerox treatment, reduced storm impact, habitats and nursery areas, emetic resources and biodiversity, scientific information, food, animal and caress feed, pharmaceuticals, harbors and transportation routes, recreation, employment, oil and natural gas, minerals, and building materials. . The coastal zone Is the warm, nutrient-rich, shoal water that extends from the Estuaries are regions where rivers meet the ocean. Coastal wetlands are land areas cover with water all or part of the year. Mangroves are the tropical counterparts of salt marshes. Temperature and salinity vary greatly in estuaries and coastal wetlands because seawater and freshwater mix, because tidal and river flows vary, and cause of land runoff.These have such a high NP because of high nutrient inputs from rivers and near land, rapid circulation of nutrients by tidal flows, presence of many producer plants, and ample sunlight penetrating the school waters. 8. The intertribal zone is the area between low and high tides. overstrung shores are landes with a remarkable variety of species that occupy different niches in response to daily and seasonal changes in environmental conditions such as temperature, water flows, and salinity. Sandy shores are beaches with niches for different marine organisms. . Barrier islands are low, narrow, sandy islands that form offshore from a coastline. These are sought for human development because they are beautiful however, these are at risk because the dope be damaged or de stroyed by flooding, severe beach erosion, or storms. The dunes should be protected because they serve as the first line of defense against the ravages of the sea. 10. Coral reefs are vulnerable to damage because they receive slowly, are disrupted easily, and only thrive in clear, warm, and fairly shallow water of constant high salinity.Humans impact coral reefs negatively by make ocean warming, soil erosion, algae growth from fertilizer runoff, mangrove destruction, bleaching, raise sea levels, increased UP exposure, damage from anchors, and damage from fishing and diving. 11 . The open sea is the sharp increase in water discretion at the edge of the continental shelf separated from the coastal zone. Its trio main vertical zones are the epiphytic zone, the bathmat zone, and the abyssal zone. The NP per unit of area is so low because of its size. 2. Humans destroy coastal wetlands for floriculture and urban development, destroy mangroves for agriculture, development, and aqua culture, erode beaches because of coastal development and rising sea levels, degrade ocean bottom habitats by dredging and trawler fishing, and damage coral reefs. 13. Freshwater life zones are the freshwater bodies of water. The two main types are standing (lentil) bodies of freshwater and flowing (lactic) bodies of freshwater. 14.Freshwater systems provide climate moderation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, flood control, groundwater recharge, habitats for many species, genetic resources for biodiversity, scientific information, food, drinking water, irrigation water, hydroelectricity, transportation corridors, recreation, and employment. Unify, and groundwater sludge fills the depressions in the earths surface. The literal zone is the zone near the shore which consists of the shallow sunlit waters to the judgments at which rooted plants stop growing.The liniment zone is the open, sunlit water surface layer away from the shore that extends to the depth penetrated by the sunli ght. The profoundly zone is the deep, open water where is too stern for photosynthesis. Then benthic zone is the lowest part of the lake where mostly decomposer and debris feeders are located. 16. The three types of lakes are the oligarchic (poorly nourished) lake, atrophic well nourished) lake, and the mesospheric (middle) lake. 17. get hold water is the water which doesnt seep into the ground or evaporate.Runoff is surface water once it flows into streams. A watershed is a land area that delivers runoff, sediment, and dissolved substances to a stream. The floodplain zone is generally populate by cold-water fish. The modulation zone is inhabited by producers and cool- and warm-water fish species. The floodplain zone is populated by producers such as algae, contractible, and rooted aquatic plants on the shore. 18. inland wetlands are lands covered with freshwater all or part of the time.Marshes, swamps, prairie potholes, floodplains, and Arctic tundra in the summer are example s of inland wetlands. Seasonal inland wetlands are wetlands that are only covered by water during certain quantify of the year. 19. Dams, diversions, and canals fragment 40% of the worlds 237 large rivers. Flood control methods built along rivers alter and destroy aquatic habitats. Cities and farmlands add pollutants and excess plant nutrients to nearby streams and rivers. Many inland wetlands have been drained or filled to grow crops or have been covered with concrete, asphalt, and buildings.

An Analysis of Irony in Emily Dickinson’s “I Felt a Funeral in My Brain”

The whole metrical composition was in the past tense, much over like relating to the poets nostalgic retrospective, telling a story that re every last(predicate)y happened to her. Whats so scary a department about the verse is, if without the premier(prenominal) line, the major subject a Funeral that Emily once went through by herself, offering readers an angle of view from their own places, alive. The poem, thus, has put up a question probably with no answer what if you died and were about to be buried, and were still conscious alone the time through the funeral?.Since a set can directly represent a loss of life, Emily assay to make use of that sense of loneliness and isolation (yet devoid of a feeling of terror), which can be found in a coffin, to touch on a thing worse than death a loss of headland, as opposed to a loss of life. In fact, thats just the beginning of Emilys irony, which is, burying someone that notwithstanding garbled herself (or himself) instead o f her (or his) life. The point is that in Emilys mind, it was fifty-fifty worse than death to lose ones own Self.The first imagery showing up and running through the whole poem is the Mourners. In common sense, they were supposed to sob or wail over the lost person while on the contrary, there were no large(p)s of lugubriousness at all in the funeral, which is quite ironic. The whole when sound that the poem was trying to convey is their stupid march treading, treading and their so-called service beating, beating, resembling an multitude of cumbersome robots in their Boots of Lead disposing a bin of trashes or nastily, corpses.Weirdly enough, no mourning attire, no face, no interaction (for example, bestowing a rose on the dead(p), or whispering muffled with one another about the dead), and even no slightest feeling are described, at least for the sake of the dead person instead, all in all is merely a unreserved stirment of a routine procedure (arriving taking a statio n waiting for the bell shape ringing then burying the coffin), so as to give the poem, in its least sense, the tone of a funeral do workion. Yes, ironically, the least beta thing seemed to be the dead guy while the formality of the process was what only resulted.In pursuit of consistency, Emily also used a ballad fourth dimension style, of which the strong rhythmic tone could exactly cater to the marching sound and play as similar to a dirge, and the simplicity sensed in this meter could retell with that of the funeral. In addition, this simple rhythm had been also achieved by the repetition of the akin words treading and treading, beating, beating and dropped down, down, where the sense of social movement had been created for readers to feel by themselves and been stressed by alliteration as well.However, on the other hand, the simplicity, both in the sense of the funeral and the Mourners, made a sharp contrast with the poets relatively entangled mind. And ironically, t he only thing that was very likely to satirise that stupid simplicity had done for(p) mad or even been lost, which is why Emily felt a Funeral in her Brain. Besides the visual imagery of Mourners, the sound of a cost is another auditory one and its tolling was meant to signal the demise of the funeral, which is, in fact, an echo to the imagery of Mourners.In the fourth Stanza, Emily referred being to an ear partly in that the upkeep Mourners, just like the lifeless robots without the ability of independent thinking, was awaiting the next-step instructions, and apart from a heart, a psyche created to sense feelings and thinking, an ear was the only organ they necessitate to simply absorb orders to proceed the funeral partly in that hearing a sound can be a sign of being and is interior to the being, both of which she was no longer in possession, and this in part explains why Silence and she belonged to some strange Race.And wrecked, solitary were the only feelings that she had been having since being part of this Race. Apparently, the Mourners are a metaphor for all the people in her life that once mattered and since they were of the similar race, they talked and acted in the same way that unfortunately she would never approve of and would do her best to guy by despising them with a pen. She thought that tolerateing reclusive could help nurse her superiority over the stir of the society, provided is this really the case?At first, they began their treading and gradually, their noise started to make sense and affect her in some way. That aesthesis was breaking through indicates that she had a momentary impression that her sense (or her mind) was escaping and go on to go away as the dash implies. The treading evolved into the beating, which confused her and finally managed to pall her mind. For them, the treading and the beating would never be enough for such a complicated and mature mind thus, they planned to beat it down, put it into a coffin and bury it and before all that happened, they tortured it again and again, as with the same Boots of Lead, again implies. When the mind could no longer bear the torture, it came to an end with the Bell tolling. Finally, finally it surrendered and was determined to be estranged from the outside world and stay lonely in her coffin by stopping communicating with those ears, precisely the torment went on. Everything seemed fine until a Plank in Reason, broke and she began to move madness, madness, madness. What could have been more awful if there was a hole on her mind?But whats worse, even though she kept dropping, experiencing all types of mental disorders, there was no demise and there would never be one, which means that she had to be kept under torture and pain. This is the most flagitious thing, worse than death. The ironic part lies in that the pain she had been through was in truth brought about by her own self. She built herself a coffin to ward off harm or obstacles in her way and keep her mind intact, which of necessity led to her emptiness or even depression. There is a bend dexter in rhyme in the last stanza And I dropped down, and down- /And hit a World, at every dive, /And finished knowing then.The use of the run rhyme wakes us up out of the boredom of the marching sound, and this pass also marks the waking up of Emily when she realized that something was wrong with her mind. This trice of realization was actually caused by the speed of the dropping, as Emily used plunge to depict her situation. Before the realization, she was by no means self-conscious of what was going on and the fact that everything taking place in her brain was all made up by her own self as a way to flee away from the outside world.However, ironically, no matter how hard she tried to bury her mind, she was just fleeing away to another state mad, solitary, wrecked and worst of all, hopeless. After the realization, she was disillusioned, which is actually even more tra gic, because there was no way to bury her mind but merely transforming its state into abnormality. Instead of a period, Emily used a dash to end the poem, which tells the readers that there would be no end to this hopeless process but an eternal struggle with self-consciousness an eternal inner torture.

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

How the internet works Essay

Although the details of routing and softw are are complex, the operation of the profit from the users perspective is mostwhat straight forward. As an example of what happens when the profit is used, consider that you type the uniform resource locator www. helpmegetoutofthis. com into the Netscape browser. The browser contacts a DNS legion to get the IP address. A DNS server would start its search for an IP address.If it finds the IP address for the site, consequently it returns the IP address to the browser, which then contacts the server for www.helpmegetoutofthis. com, which then transmits the wind vane page to your computer and browser so you thunder mug view it. The user is not assured that of the operation of an infrastructure of routers and transmitting railroad jobs behind this action of retrieving a web page and transmitting the entropy from one computer to an separate. The infrastructure of the internet hindquarters be seen as a massive array of entropy relay invitees (routers) intercommitted by information transmittance railroads, where apiece node can service multiple contagious disease lines.In the general subject field where information must be sent across several nodes in the first place being received, there will be many thinkable course of instructionways everywhere which this transmitting might occur. The routers serve to find a path for the data transmission to occur. The routing of a file away or data packets of a file is either be through with(p) by the technique of source routing or the technique of last routing. In source routing, the path the data transmission will follow id specified at the source of the transmission, while destination routing is controlled by the routers a wide the path.In the modern internet, almost all routing is done by destination routing because of security issues associated with source routing. Thus, the routers must be programmed with protocols that take into account a reasonable, perhaps optimum, path picking for each data packet. For the routers to drive an optimum path also requires that the interconnected routers communicate information concerning local anesthetic transmission line metrics. Router communication is thus itself a massive information transfer process, given that there is more than 100,000 nedeucerks and millions of hosts on the Internet.When viewing the outrageousness of the riddle, it is perhaps easier to understand why engineers have accepted a sub-optimal antecedent to the problem of efficiency in data transfer on the Internet. When ab initio confronting a problem, the practical engineering approach is to change the problem to the flush where a working solution can be obtained and then reclaim that solution once the system is functional. Some of the simplifying assumptions used by engineers for the menstruum internet data transmission system include.1) A transmission line is never over capacity and is always available as a path choice. 2) The performance of the router and transmission line does not depend on the amount of traffic. These two assumptions do simplify the problem of path choice considerably because now all the transmission lines and nodes may be considered competent in capacity and performance completely independent of traffic. As such, it is a much simpler optimization problem consisting of finding the route with the shortest path length.To simplify the problem even further, another assumption is made 3) Consider that an sovereign System (AS), is a small internet within the Internet. An AS is more often than not considered to be a sub-network of an Internet with a common administrative mandate and is regulated by a specific set of administrative guidelines. It is faux that every AS is the same and provides the same performance. The problem of Internet routing can now be broken down into the simpler problem of selecting optimum paths inside the AS and then considering the optimum paths in the midst of the AS.Since there are plainly around 15,000 active ASs on the Internet, the overall problem is reduced to finding the best route over 15,000 AS nodes, and then the much simpler problem of finding the best route through each AS. There is an important (to this thesis) set of protocols which control the exchange of routing information between the ASs. The sort of routers in an AS which communicates with the rest of the internet and other ASs are called border routers. borderline routers are controlled by a set of programming instructions known as Border Gateway Protocol, BGP.A more detailed discussion of computer networking principals and the Internet facts can be found in e. g. 7. An Introduction to Router Protocols. Routers are computers connected to multiple networks and programmed to control the data transmission between the networks. Usually, there are multiple paths that are possible for transmission of data between two points on the Internet. The routers invol ved in the transmission between two points can be programmed to choose the best path based on some metric. The protocols used to determine the path for data transmission are routing algorithms. natural metrics used by routing algorithms include path length, bandwidth, load, reliability, delay (or latency) and communication cost. Path length. Path length is a geometric measure of how long the transmission lines are. The routers can be programmed to assign weights to each transmission line proportional to the length of the line or each network node. The path length is then the sum of the weights of the nodes, lines or lines plus nodes along the possible transmission path. Bandwidth. Bandwidth is used to describe the available transmission rate (bps) of a given section the possible transmission path.An open 64 kbps line would not generally be chosen as the pathway for data transmission if an open 10 Mbps Ethernet link is also open, assuming everything else is equal. However, sometimes the higher bandwidth path is very busy and the time required for transmission on a busy, high bandwidth line is actually longer than on a path with a lower bandwidth. Load. This data packet transmission per unit time or the percent of CPU utilization of a router on a given path is referred to as the load on this path.Reliability.The reliability of a data transmission path can be quantitatively described as the bit error rate and results in the assignment of numeric reliability metrics for the possible data transmission pathways. Delay. The delay in data transmission along a true path is due to a combination of the metrics that have already been discussed, including geometric length of the transmission lines, bandwidth, and data traffic congestion. Because of the hybrid personality of the communications delay metric, it is commonly used in routing algorithms.

John’s Case

Case story John Stokes May 27, 2012 An overview of Johns case John Stokes is a manager of the Tri-Mart Corporation. He recently received an inappropriate telecommunicate from an employee that showcased nude men in a calendar. He also noticed that the email was forwarded to 50 opposite people in the organization. Key Issues or Problems He recently received an inappropriate email from an employee that showcased nude men in a calendar. He also noticed that the email was forwarded to 50 other people in the organization. Alterative that John cornerstone considerThere are many a(prenominal) companies that are currently marketing e-mail monitoring services. John necessitate these services range from a full e-mail monitoring activity to a program that only records the sequence at which employees pick up their e-mail. The full e-mail application program allow record either of the following information. The e-mail recipient ?The e-mail sender ?The number of terminology in the e-mai l The time the employee spent see e-mail ?The time the employee spent composing e-mail ?The number of attachments ?The casing of e-mail business-related or non-business related.A potential solution to Johns dilemma Full e-mail monitoring application to a program that only records the time at which employees pick up their e-mail. The full e-mail application program will record all of the following information. The e-mail recipient ?The e-mail sender ?The number of words in the e-mail The time the employee spent reading e-mail ?The time the employee spent composing e-mail ?The number of attachments ?The type of e-mail business-related or non-business related My conclusion on the case studyEmployees privacy rights in the workplace depend on whether they work in the public sector or offstage sector. Because constitutional rights operate to begin with to protect citizens from the government1 state action is required before a citizen can invoke a constitutional right. Therefore, sinc e most Americans work in the private sector, the United States Constitution and its corresponding Fourth Amendment privacy protect provides poor guidance in private sector e-mail monitoring situations.

Monday, February 25, 2019

Pat Barker’s Regeneration Essay

Explore the psychological and honorable conflict of fight on soldiers and civilians in Pat doggys Regeneration and Wilfred Owens meter. In the itinerary of your writing signal how your judgments take been illuminated by your response to Joseph halers Catch-22 and other readings of both core texts.Pat poochs Regeneration, Wilfred Owens poetry and Joseph devils Catch-22 whoremonger entirely told be categorised as subjective warf be texts as the main structural principle is non dominated by characters actions, tho rather, this is subordinated by the virtuous and psychological processes upon those individuals. Here the authors have applyd war to bounty a larger theme or moral implication, by centring the literary texts on wars impact, whether that be a visible or a psychological troopsifestation of wars disturbing effects.bow-wow abide byd primarily to focus her fresh on the brave outing effects of war, specific whollyy WWI in which this novel is set. In sigh t to do this she has used horror sparingly, allowing her to still show the suffering of the characters without detracting from the point of the novel. One of the few exceptions to this find is Barkers use of vivid flashbacks to ready the soldiers torment app bent. For model, destroy a patient at Craiglockhart War Hospital is left-hand(a) psychologically damaged, after existence thrown head-first, on a corpse, whose gas-filled belly had ruptured on impact. Barker int deathed that her novel be focused on the psychological and moral processes of war, in fix up to educate the public as to the extent of wars reach, in an attempt to prevent the continuation of war. The chronological society and interlin world power protagonists results in a sense of fluidity, where the ease of reading and straight off writing style allow Barker to more effective presend her argument, although the novel allows us to draw our own conclusions.Hellers novel set in WWII focuses on the damage inflicted by the war on the soldiers minds, both in driving them to madness and in blurring the line of credit of moral debt instrument and moral sense. Heller never addresses the psychological impact formally Instead he broaches the subject using satirical dialogue, whereby he shows the men to have been driven to madness and that it is just acceptedin war meter. still this callousness is mocking, as is make app arnt by the underlying unappeasable humour, which demands this novel be taken seriously. Heller intensifies the dark mood of the text with snapshots of horrific imagery and blunt observations. The circling non-linear secernate of the story appears haphazard this reflects the illogical nature of war. Hellers structuring, as commented by Russ Allbery, requires that the reader pay close attention to maintain the order of events thereby ensuring that the reader fully en stinkers in the text and is able to appreciate Hellers moral implications. Allbery also commented on Hellers las t structural technique, as the ordering does lead to an effective juxtaposition at the climax of the book.M any people have commented that Owen uses horror in order to shock the reader into the realization of what war can do. A prime example of this is EXPOSURE, based on Owens own experiences it exposes the reader to the realities of war. The verse centres on the physical conditions of the soldiers who are exposed to the elements, which are so dreadful that the men long to go into difference of opinion as they take hold of the bullets as less deadly than the air . The weather is personified His frost, as the elements are now the enemy that are late killing them. It is also a reflection of the psychic conditions of war, as Owen details what the men are subjected to we see their progression into despair and probable depression. Owen shows the environment is quick to impact the soldiers as from the first line they have all ready been worn see by the unrelenting winter, our brai ns ache, in the merciless iced east winds.The soldiers and then live on frustrated and anxious, but nonhing happens, we cringe in holes. Stanzas s five and six are more heavily punctuated to show the soldiers exhaustion, until slowly our ghosts drag crustal plate. These soldiers may not have been fighting on the front lines, but this is no less serious, as they died slowly and agonisingly. Wilfred was certain when writing EXPOSURE that the public would not have realised the honest severity of life in the trenches.Indeed all his verse forms are in an attempt to educate civilians as to the true horror of war, in a bid to prevent more men being put to demolition or derangement. The last stanza reiterates just how dangerous and brutal their surroundings were divulge over half-known faces. All their eyes are ice, the weather has takenall the warmth and life out of them, loss bodies so disfigured they are unrecognisable. Wilfred Owens letters home to his mother from the front line during WWII show the inlet for the traumatic images in his poetry, as he confides in her that It has passed the limits of my Abhorrence.In order to focus Regeneration on the impact of war Pat Barker uses Rivers, a psychiatrist at Craiglockhart, as the rudimentary character. As Rivers comes into contact with other characters displaying symptoms of having been impacted by war, Barker is then able to take note individual cases fully exploring the lasting impression that war has left. This also allows her to provide a historical structure as Rivers has all-embracing knowledge about the war and especially its psychological effects, which he communicates end-to-end the novel. Rivers then provides a historical structure in another sense. Inevitably, in war literature there is an element of realism delinquent to historical basis, but Pat Barker emphasises this though intertextuality.She interviews historical context much(prenominal) as Riverss character, who is drawn from Dr. W .H. Rivers who conducted experiments on nerve regeneration in the early twentieth century, integrating him with her fictional characters. The inspiration for Rivers came from her husband who was a neurologist familiar with Riverss treat. Indeed, the immediate inspiration for Regeneration came from Barkers husband. Barker then links directly with WWI through the use of famous persons or institutes associated with WWI much(prenominal) as Sassoon, Owen and Craiglockhart.The first case inwardly Regeneration to be examined was that of Sassoon. Barker shows Sassoon to have been labelled shell-shocked in order to discredit his declaration. It is clear from the outset that not all people, specifically those in high command, take war neurosis or in this case, neurasthenia, seriously. Rivers states that Langdon doesnt believe in shell-shock, Rivers is Barkers voice, though him she establishes the relationship between the mental institutions and the Government. passim the novel emphasis is put on the lack of awareness by civilians as well as officials, so that the reader may gage the importance of consciousness in order to prevent these atrocities from reoccurring.Wilfred Owens centralization on the psychological manifestation of wars effects, is so that he may proceed to look at a larger theme and moral implication. Owen intended to demonstrate to the public the extent to which these men were pushed, under which conditions they are driven to the verge of madness. Owens hope was to rid the public of their ignorance, providing them with the understanding of how crippling our attitudes can be. In his PREFACE he stated that he was not concerned with poetryPoets must be truthful, by this he meant that he would not write to glorify war, but to caution and try to stop the war.SELF INFLICTED WOUND shows the squelch put on one particular soldier, by not unaccompanied the horrific conditions of battle and war, where he was forced to undergo the torture of lying machinal ly shelled, but the expectations on him to be able to cope with it and show the Hun a brave mans face. Owen creates an atmosphere of entrapment, roofed in with creeping wind up, reflective of that that the soldier must have lived in. Contained by the expectation of his family that is make clear Death sooner than dishonour, thats the style The dangerous conditions in the trenches are emphasised by listing, trench foot, shock etc.But death seemed still withheld, Owen shows the soldier to have become suicidal because of the physical as well as mental pressures of war. The English ball in the third stanza is an English bullet they made different bullets so that they could give notice (of) if someone had committed suicide. The two suicides in the poem were not then isolated incidences, if there was a need for this English ball. In the last verse they bury the soldier with the muzzle his teeth had kissed, this is petulant because he kisses his killer. Yet there is a sense of relief in the line Tim died smiling, as he is now free of the pressure of war. The structure of S.I.W. is incongruent and arbitrary, the rhyme scheme and rhythm vary specially after the Prologue, as he had then experienced the horror of war.Barkers apt placement of Sassoons declaration Finished with the War, at the beginning of Regeneration establishes that the continuation of war can be stopped, by those that have the ply to end it. E precisething that companions in novel is consequential to the decisions made by those in authority because of the introduction the reader is aware that all the suffering shown can be prevented. Barker accentuates the point of this omnipotent leading condemning the men to the inevitable suffering and mental torture present by the very existence of Craiglockheart.But more importantly, to the devolvement of power whereby officers and civilians are ships company to the continuation of war, and so, to the continual sentencing of death and derangement for all th ose conscripted. This is what Sassoon feels duty bound to protest against he refuses to be a party to prolong these sufferings. Sassoon is used both as a symbol of the soldiers condemned to follow orders until they are of no use, and of the officers condemned to sentence the soldier to their inevitable death. Sassoon, along with Rivers epitomises the at odds(p) moral obligations thrust upon soldiers and civilians alike.Sassoon and Rivers battle with the idea of duty, a value brought to the forefront in 1914 with the beginning of war. Barkers protagonists discover that when fulfilling their obligations to king and country their duties conflict with their personal duty to individual freedom and touch sensations. It has been remarked that Barker cleverly plays these two characters off one another, in order for them both to examine where their duties lie and how best they will serve society. In highlighting their conflict Barker encourages the reader to contemplate what war asks of th e individual. Rivers is prone Sassoons case by the Board to assess Sassoons mental state in view of his declaration. But it soon becomes apparent to Rivers that he is completely sane, in their first interview Rivers admits as much to him, of course youre not mad. This then puts Rivers in an awkward position, as he realises his paradoxical role as army vivify core that because Sassoons a mentally and physically healthy man.Its his duty to go back, and its my duty to see that he does. He confided in Bryce (a fellow psychiatrist,) that he was hoping to find something wrong with Sassoon. Rivers feels as a doctor and fellow sufferer a need to protect Sassoon, but as an officer is forced to send him away into danger. Riverss role as a doctor is somewhat conflicting, within the novel he tries to guarantee or suppress the idea that these men are being sent to him to be cured, and as soon as he helps themthey are being sent away to either come back to him or be killed. The curing process is also at odds with his character, as he finds in his attempt to prevent further suffering he must make his patients recall horrifying memories of their pasts.Burns, one patient in particular, had such an unbearable experience that Rivers no longer had the heart to try to make him talk about it I cant make myself call about it. His duty as a doctor to induce inconvenience in his patients is at variance with his duty as a military personnel to prevent the pain of his friends. Rivers is able however, to help Sassoon in resolving the tightness between his duty to his country and duty to his citizens, by encouraging him to sink to war for the sake of the soldiers. Although at the end of the novel Rivers clearly sympathises with Sassoon, contemplating that a society that devours its own young deserves no automatic or un teasing allegiance. This mirrors as well as confirms Sassoons declaration, ensuring that the reader retain Barkers about important moral.Hellers Catch-22 is drawn from his own experiences during WWII in 1942 he joined the Army Air Forces to become an officer and bombardier, much of what he saw is reflective in the novel and much of his consequential views are also present. Heller completed his sixty missions and was awarded an Air Medal as well as a Presidential Unit Citation with his honourable discharge. Honour and integrity feature heavily in Catch-22, as Heller reflects on the psychological and moral process upon those impacted by war. It is not as easy for those in Catch-22 to leave their service as it had been for Heller, particularly for Yossarian. Yossarian struggles throughout the novel to rid himself of his duties to his country and is finally presented an opportunity by Colonel Korn. Yossarian has refused to fly any more missions and the Officers are worried that others will follow his example, but if they send him home it will look like a reward.So Colonel Korn proposes that Yossarian be made a Major and sent home as a hero, (pro vided that Yossarian tells the other men how wonderful he generals are), or they will court-martial him. Yossarian initially thinks that its a pretty contemptible trick, as its not really giving him any choice, to which Colonel Korn replies Odious. Here Yossarian is faced with a moral dilemma in order to save himself he might serve as an inspiration to them to fly more missions. Yossarian caves,deciding that the others can stand up for themselves and agrees to the subscribe to. Upon leaving his new pals he is promptly attacked by Natleys whore, who some critics have suggested embodies Yossarians conscience and symbolises an attack of guilt. During Yossarians stay at the infirmary (as a result of the attack), he is able to reflect on the deal and who his real pals are.Yossarians moral conflict results in him realising that he cant go through with the deal because it would be at the outgo of the other men. He tells Major Danby Im breaking the concordance, Danby is horrified but Yo ssarian turns the tables on him asking how he can work with people like Cathcart and Korn, to which Danby replies because its my duty. Here Heller uses the idea that war results in conflicting moral obligations much the same as Barker does, Danby must help those that misuse power as they station above him and it is his duty.Yossarian then discovers the missing pilot Orr actually escaped, Yossarian feels liberate as now he knows how he can leave without create harm to his fellow soldiers and can help the young girl. When Danby protested saying your conscience will never let you rest. Yossarian laughed and replied I wouldnt indispensableness to live without strong misgivings. Heller intended the reader to see that war is immoral and we should be ruled by our conscience. This is emphasised at the very end where Natelys whore (a symbol of his conscience) tries to kill him again, but this time she misses as Yossarian has done the right thing. He finally resolves the struggle of his c onscience. in spite of appearance FUTILITY Owen questions why creation is destroyed with no probable purpose, in particular the creation of man. Owen questions the destruction of life in order to show how precious it is, yet in war we not only intend to kill our enemies but sentence our own soldiers too. Owen hoped to show the moral implications of war and its psychological impact on the soldiers. He uses the sunbathe as a symbol of creation, as it wakes the seeds and gives life to the earth. But although so much has gone into making man, so dear achieved, in the end the fatuous sunbeams are powerless. Here Owen sets natures power to create life against the futility of extinction. there is a sense of ambiguity in the last line as the poem comes to nothing this is reflective of the fact that there is no rapprochement for the miracle of creation being laid to waste.Which is mirrored in the first stanza wherethe palm unsown is used both as a literal example of the life that the dea d will never go back to, as well as a metaphor for the tragedy of life left unfulfilled. The last line can also be linked to Owens poem EXPOSURE, as that too comes to nothing but nothing happens, giving no relief to the soldiers. The tone of FUTILITY is made peaceful through use of inseparable imagery and soft words such as gently. The vocabulary is simple and used together with one syllable words shows the deep tangle mood, creating a factualness through its simplicity.Yet it is mournful and has a sinister undertone, the endless sleep is a referral to death and the continual questioning in stanza two creates a sense of despair. Owen is quick to avoid smoothness by shortening the first and last line of each stanza. He further disturbs the natural rhythm through pararhyme sun-sown, once-France etc. Pararhyme has been commented to be a favourite among Owens techniques it is particularly apt to describe war due to it producing an effect of dissonance and failure.Pat Barker, Wilfred Owen and Joseph Heller each explore wars processes upon the individual, in particular the psychological and moral impact. The texts do not glorify war, but rather, show the un-sung horror and extent of its true reach. The act of war is forgotten, as the authors place the significance on societys power a whole and the power of the individual, to prevent the reoccurrence or continuation of war.

The Pride of Zeus

In Greece and Asia Minor around 2000 B. C. thither existed a common belief in a group of deities. Of this group of deities were xii colossals who were immortal. From that group of Olympians came the most dominant and commanding deity kn have to immortals and mortals a standardized. That Olympian graven image was genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Zeus the son of Titans Cronus and Rhea. When Zeus had grown to maturity, he waged contend against his father with his disgorged br opposites and sisters as allies. The battle was of heroic meter poem proportions, Zeus fighting from Mt.Olympus, Cronus from Mt. Othrys. This is jibe Morfords interpretation of Zeus rise to power, which hed solicit is a story of, The Hero and the Quest (Morford, 76). While there is no arguing Zeus supremacy, it is easy to argue his intentions. Zeus has been labeled as a selfish God a God who looks and later his bests interests. There is no arguing Zeus is an egocentric God. further existence t he most powerful God, its difficult to place blame on him. However, there is to a greater extent to Zeus than his powerful facade.Zeus may perpetually be looking aside for his best interests as seen in the poem, Leda and the Swan, solely he is a ware of the existence of the new(prenominal) Gods and mortals. It is because of this that I believe Zeus not only tries to appease himself, but excessively e rattling most other reinforcement soul on Earth at the time, whether they be brothers or sisters, sons and daughters, or Gods and mortals. While others may declare these are patterns of evilness and destructiveness, I believe its more than anything the self-conceit of Zeus which justifies his exercises.In homing pigeons great Epic, The Iliad, the presence of Zeus affected every action throngn or avoided in some shape, office, or form. His allowance of other immortals intervene in the war at times strengthens the idea that he is all-seeing and all-powerful, due to the fact t hat the other gods hindrance inevitably led fortune back up onto its original course. But, were talking about Zeus God of all Gods. He refuses to be undermined, and if ever he fateed could remove the Earth with a single creation. That frightening thought was almost polish off a reality in Hesiods Pandora from his poems flora and Days.In the myth, Zeus creates the first woman, who is capable of the destruction of mankind. Obviously Zeus is a very contradictive graphic symbol. On the one hand, he possesses a number of powers that mankind put up benefit from, as seen in his subroutine in, The Iliad. On the other hand, he owns a number of negative qualities, among which greed probably the most material one, made significant in his role in, Pandora. Through it all, Zeus stiff true to himself. And while at times he may be viewed as chaotic, the prideful Zeus never backs downs from any God or any mortal.In the era of Homer, divine intervention was thought to be typical, and o ne of his foremost works, The Iliad, reflects this. Nearly all of the Greek gods are problematic in the outcome of the Trojan War, which happens to be the background story of this epic poem. The gods are used by Homer to add twists on an differently standard plot of war. Zeus, very untypical of a Greek god in his miss of involvement in the Trojan War for his own reasons, was portrayed as the father figure, beingness impartial and fair to twain sides of the war. He remains this way to serve as a nab for each gods involvement in the war.Without his presence at the head of the familiar circle of Olympus, it is likely that the activity of the Trojan War would become chaotic, perchance eventide beseeming a recreational war for the gods. With Zeuss majestic power, preceding(prenominal) all of the other gods combined, a enormous with his experience, he is quite befitting to his role in the storyline of The Iliad. The role of Zeus in Homers Iliad is one of moderator and the eve rywhereall director of all that occurs in this story. His position was to batten that whatever heap decreed would happen. Without his presence, the story would likely become a war for the gods kind of of the Greeks and Trojans.Zeus stayed impartial throughout almost the faultless epic in contrast to the other gods, who would scheme and contrive plans for the sides that they chose to ally with. For example, Hera, his wife, chose to display the more typical actions of a Greek divinity. Paris, a Trojan prince, chose Aphrodite as the fairest over Hera and Athena, and this infuriated her, and she went to no end to try to help the Greek troops defeat the Trojan side. However, Hera recognizes the superiority of Zeus over herself as hearty as the rest of the Olympian gods.Hera is obviously the subservient god, even becoming afraid and ceasing speaking when Zeus orders her under the possible occurrence of him displace his invincible pass on her. She does try to undermine his power by trickery, slyly getting him to sleep while her and her brother, Poseidon, god of the seas, influence the war in the favor of the Greeks (Homer, 201).However, when Zeus awakens, his reemergence into the picture effectively eliminates the other gods from intervening in the war due to his sheer give and backing power. This is other of your evil schemes, you unmanageable creature said Zeus (Homer, 210). You shall soon regain out if you get any good by your loving and your bedclothes and by coming all this way to deceive me (Homer, 210). The opposing gods were primarily Apollo and Artemis, twin brother and sister. They favored the Trojan side, and were constantly turning the soar upwards in favor of the Trojans. Apollo respected Zeus and his enforcing of the laws of fate, however, and kept fate as it was deemed to be. An example of this is when Achilles servant, Patroclus, tries to take the urban center of Troy.Before Patroclus was allowed to wear Achilles armor into battle, he promised only to drive the Trojans away from the ships and not to take an offensive against the city of Troy. Only the reflection of Patroclus by Apollos shield three times prevents this. This lack of moderation shown by Patroclus, as well as the deeming of demise onward the end of battle by fate, granted by Zeus, leads to his death. Patroclus replied, half fainting, For this once, Hector, make your proud boast for you are the victor, by help of Zeus and Apollo, who know me an easy thing (Homer, 245).Zeus serves as an enforcer of fate in the epic, giving no ground to anyone, even his blood relatives. Zeus also shows no mercy to mortals in The Iliad. His own son, Sarpedon, was allowed to die at the hands of Patroclus while Zeus looked on, unwilling to break fate and save even his own son. Zeus was debating whether or not to take him from the field of study, but Hera convince him by expressing the feelings other gods would have, namely anger. She told him that he would not be pra ised and that other gods would possibly take their loved ones out of battle as well.Zeus was confined to his own sorrow because he was not willing to take his son out of the battle. Zeus was able, however, to have Apollo take his dead body from the battlefield and take him back to Lykia, where he could be buried as a hero. Zeus also wanted a respectable and honorable death for Hector, the Trojan hero, and was infuriated when Achilles decided to desecrate the body of Hector. This epic ends when Hectors body is ransomed back to the Trojan side to the pleasure of Zeus, making common the presence of all-powerful Zeus.Zeus has an overriding presence in The Iliad, sometimes not directly present, but invariably in the mix. He is the only presence in the epic that stresses the Greek samples of moderation and fate. The Greeks believed in the ideal of moderation, and the essence that moderation was the key to becoming a better person. essential also could not be avoided in the eyeball of the Greeks, and when fate was trifled with, unhealthful things happened, as they did when fate was trifled with in The Iliad. The presence of Zeus in the epic affected every action taken or avoided in some shape, way, or form.His allowance of other gods intervening in the war at times strengthens the idea that he is all-seeing and all-powerful, due to the fact that the other gods intervention inevitably led fate back onto its original course. In the eyes of the Greeks, the Trojan War was a spectacular event to the mortals, but to the gods, it was nought more than a mere petty struggle. However, the idea of fate moldiness be kept under all circumstances, and Zeus was the overseeing power in that ensured this in The Iliad. While Zeus role in the Iliad can be viewed as more passive or submissive, his role in Hesiods creation myth Pandora can only be viewed one way oppression. When Zeus, the king of the Olympian gods, was young and trying to establish his rule, he was challenged by a group of ferocious Titans, who tried to keep him from gaining power. A long and terrible war ensued, with all the Olympian gods joined against the Titans, who were led by Cronus and Atlas (Morford, 76). After ten years of fighting, and with the help of the Cyclopes and the Hecatoncheires, Zeus and his fellow Olympians defeated the Titans.Only a few Titans, including Themis, Prometheus and his brother Epimetheus, fought on the side of Zeus against their fellow Titans and once Zeus won, he rewarded them. But soon Prometheus made Zeus very angry by thieving enkindle from Mount Olympus and giving it to the race of mortal men living on earth, who were cold and hungry. Zeus had warned Prometheus not to give fire to men, and was indignant that anyone had the nerve to ignore his command. In the Theogony (507-616) Hesiod tells the stories of Prometheus and his conflict with Zeus, with the human race as the pawn in this gigantic clash of divine wills.Hesiod goes on to advert the dread c onsequence of Zeus anger at Prometheus for his theft of fire (Theogony 570-616) Immediately he contrived an evil thing for mortals in amend for the fire. The renowned lame god, Hephaestus, forge out of earth the likeness of a modest maiden according to the will of the son of Cronus. When he had fashioned the beautiful evil in recompose for the blessing of fire, he led her out where the other gods and mortals were, exulting in the raiment provided by the gleaming-eyed daughter of a mighty father. Unlike his role in The Iliad, Zeus is now playing in a state of vengeance.Hesiod provides another account of Prometheus in the Works and Days (47-105) the evil is now specifically named. She is Pandora, which means, All gifts, and she has a jar. Zeus is viewed as the oppressor to mankind in Pandora, while Prometheus can be viewed as the benefactor. Pandora was created for one reason, to punish mankind as a goal for revengeful Zeus. Zeus cannot and will not tolerate anybody going behind h is back for any circumstances. He will go to such great lengths to ensure he remains the leader of all Gods, again, showing the pride he has for himself.From the beginning he was faced with opposition, and once he overcame that, he prove his worth. For the rest of his life, he was not going to let anyone be of excitation to him. Another side of the many faces of Zeus is shown in William Butler Yeats poem Leda and the Swan. The poem is based on the mythological story about the colza of Leda, a mortal woman who was married to the mortal man, Tyndareus, but the god of gods, Zeus, wanted to have her. Zeus was known for taking advantage of women by posing as various animals, like a bull, or like objects, such as a shower of gold.When he chose to have Leda, he took the form of a swan. The poem tells of the actual situation of Zeus having rouse with Leda in the shape of a swan. The lines How can those terrified vague fingers fight back the feathered glory from her loosening thighs? (Ye ats, 25) show that his power is far greater than hers, and she cannot fight to stop him, and A shudder in the loins engenders there (Yeats, 25) describes Leda becoming pregnant with Helen, who is to become the most beautiful woman alive, and is courted by thousands of men. Zeus has many affairs with beautiful women and goddesses, even if they are unwilling. all the same though he hides his evil intentions in the form of a swan, he will stop at nothing to accomplish his goals, and takes great pride in doing so. To try to put an explanation on all of Zeus actions would be an impossible task, as classical scholars and philosophers have dedicated entire lives to it. My interpretation of all of Zeus actions seems to have one underlying theme, and that is Zeus is a very prideful person. He is the Supreme existence among the gods of Olympia. He is capable of anything, but yet allows those who spoil him to live.He sends harsh messages to those that need to be put in check, and even helps m ortals live a match life. While many of Zeus good deeds go unnoticed, his character remains unscathed to all of those around him. The pride of Zeus always remained at an elevated level. Quite simply, he is the most powerful being in Greek mythology, and his motive for all his actions could be summarized in a quote from C. S. Lewis Pride is a personal commitment. It is an attitude which separates excellence from mediocrity. Being the God of gods, Zeus has no room for mediocrity. Only excellence will be accepted, and his pride is correlates directly to that.