Sanitation Facilities

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and operate for the safe presidential term of charit suitable peeing and faeces. An ameliorate sanitisation facility is ace that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. improve sanitation generally involves physically endingr facilities, less waiting sequence, and safer disposal of excreta. deplorable sanitation is responsible for atomic number 53 of the heaviest existing disease burdens field-wide. The diseases associated with poor sanitation and unsafe urine account for slightly 10% of the global burden of disease.The to the highest degree common disease of poor wellness associated with poor sanitation is a diarrheal disease. Globally, about 1. 7 one thousand thousand mountain die each grade from diarrhetic diseases, and 90% ar children under 5 social classs of age, mostly in plowing countries. 88% percent of cases of diarrhoeal diseases argonnawide ar attributable to unsafe irrigate supply, pitiable sanitation, and poor hygiene. In this essay I get out analyse the scotch benefits of sanitation, the scotch disadvantages, the link between a inauguration in gross domestic product and the inlet to sanitation in roles all over the world including Asia, Africa, Europe and matrimony America.I pass on do this by analysing information set trims which I induce obtained from a miscellaneous(a) f ar of sources such(prenominal) as landal journals, reports and articles relating to this subject. I ordain be using data sets from the UNEP and carrying out multiple regressions. Finally I will be touching at the Environmental Kuznets model to influence whether it applies to this kind between frugal harvest-tide and the entree to sanitation.According to 2010 enrolls, approximately 2 billion peck do not use improved sanitation facilities, 2-thirds of which live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. By looking at pick up to it 1 we groundwork suck up that it is in the actual localitys such as North America and parts of Europe where mess guide a good glide slope to sanitation, while on the different cave in it is the mostly the developing regions such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with the poor access to sanitation. This figure already makes the relationship between economic development and access to sanitation vaguely clear.The Asian and Afri piece of tail regions would be a good place to perk up a look at this relationship tied(p) more nigh this is because over the recent few decades, countries in the Asian regions such as china have undergone a huge advance in economic growth while on the another(prenominal) hand in that respect has been diminished or non-existent economic growth in the Afri send packing regions. Asia is the worlds fastest growing economic region. China is the largest thriftiness in Asia and the second largest economy in the world.Moreover, Asia is the site of some of the worlds w omb-to-tomb economic booms and by looking at dactyl 2 it is evident to elate that over the past few decades in that respect has been a dramatic feeler in the gross domestic product of Asia but very little in the GDP of Africa. Now by looking at Figure 3 which is a graph showing the handle of improved drinking/safe piddle coverage, improved as in drinking-water sources such as piped water to the house or yard, public taps and rainwater collection. Improved sanitation facilities including flush or pour-flush toilets connected to a piped sewer system.By looking at this we can externalize that in Asia in that respect has excessively been a dramatic rise in the access to un grime water which is a positive relation to the GDP. I ga on that flushd the data which is on Figures 2 and 3 onto excel and carried out a regression analysis for the Asian region to help understand to what extent the aptitude in the relationship between the helpless variable (GDP) and the independent va riable (Sanitation) which is shown on Figure 4. By looking at the R squ ared we can see that this model has a difficult informative power as it is very close to 1.According to the coefficient we can alike see that every time the GDP increments by $50billion, in that respect is an increase of almost 3. 4 million bulk with improved access to sanitation. Poor sanitation results in an economic impairment as it is linked with the cost of interposition to sanitation related diseases and income which is lost through with(predicate) productivity. Furthermore poor sanitation can also lead to a damage of time and effort as a result of poor facilities, lower feel of products out-of-pocket to poor quality of water and of course a dramatically trim back income coming from tourism as in that respect is a great lay on the line of disease.According to various studies from the WHO (World Health Organisation), there has been evidence that there are huge economic cost which arise from the poor sanitation. At a global level there is a dismission of about $40billion per twelvemonth due to poor sanitation looking at South Asia alone we can see that in places such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia there is a loss of around $10billion a year, the key impacts of this came about from poor wellness and tourism, poor sanitation can see everyone but especially works those who are poor(Hutton, 2007). Several studies have also been conducted to foretell the economic costs associated with poor sanitation. In Ghana and Pakistan, for example, the indirect effect on child mortality of environmental risk has added more than 40% to the cost of like a shot caused child mortality. If one took into account the effect of such malnutrition, they will be able to see the huge impact on impairing school performance and delayed launching into the labour market, the cost would double to around 10% of the GDP.Improvement to sanitation can pick out various types of benefits to an eco nomy, one of which are the direct benefits of preventing or avoiding illnesses as there would be no money spent on healthcare treating patients with diseases due to sanitation. There will also be indirect benefits such as a decrease in the amount of work days missing being sick and longer life, and in the long run and very importantly there will be a lot of time saved. As we have seen already, sanitation is also important when it comes to economic development.In Africa many new-fangled women are dying every year as they are the ones which carry the polluted water, they are also then coerce to drop out of education during puberty years in order to look after their sick children as a result of the polluted water, this means that women are not able to be meliorate and they can even find it operose to join the labour supply. Every 10% raise in female literacy (due to increase attendance at school) a nations economy can grow by around 0.3% (Dollar et al, 1999). According to Hutton (2008) there could be an estimated that annual investments of around $27million in Tanzania and Vietnam would result in benefits of around $70million for the health sector alone. Hutton also estimated that there is a potential to save around $6billion in many parts of Asia if improved sanitation can be introduced. Overall Hutton express that there are many costs and benefits available and the benefits still do overpower the costs.Moreover, the Disease Control Priorities ramble recently found that hygiene promotion to prevent diarrhoea was the most cost-effective health intervention in the world at only $3. 35 per DALY loss averted, with sanitation promotion following closely behind at just $11. 15 per DALY loss averted. This is to say that economic growth and sanitation for sure have a strong relationship within one another this can be shown on the environmental Kuznets curve.The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a relationship between income and pollution which is hypothesi zed to have an inverted U-shape. The idea of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve stems from the Kuznets work in income equality (Kuznets, 1955). The EKC surmise nations that as income increases pollution goes up initially but after actually time pollution eventually declines. The apex at which pollution level is the highest is called a good turn point. This then evidently applies to developing countries as they are the ones which have the higher levels of income.Looking at Figure 5 we can see that in Europe up to the year 2000 water pollution was on a rise, however old in the year 2000 there was a turn point where the pollution of water started to decline. According to the Kuznets curve, in the year 2000 the economies within Europe produced a certain GDP and a certain GDP per capita which led to the decline of the water pollution. According to Figure 6 in the year 2000 the bit point on the Kuznets curve was at $18000 per capita, this is the level of GDP per capita require in the European region in order to reverse the hack of water pollution.Looking back at Figure 5 we can also see that in the North American region up till 1998 there was an increase of water pollution however sometime in 1998, just like in Europe, peoples incomes were growing and GDP per capita was on a rise. Looking at Figure 6, according to the EKC, GDP per capita in North America will be at $36000 which is where there will be a turning point. Both the EKCs for Europe and for North America are shown on Figure 7. This analysis clear tells us that the relationship between the two is dependable on the economic stages of development.In the other regions around the world there will not be a turning point on the EKC as people do not earn copious to have this effect, good sanitation facilities are the main way in which water pollution can decrease, more developed economies around the world have the property to invest in good sanitation, however as we have discussed, the less developed c ountries do not have access to these sanitation facilities therefore their economies are heavily impacted and the funds for the technology needed to provide improved sanitation are hard to come by, therefore these countries are on the upwards slope of the EKCmeaning they have not yet achieved the GDP per capita in order to have a turning point. I have aimed to show the various ways in which sanitation is heavy to good health and also economic development. Given the data I have analysed, I can surely state that the investment in improved sanitation would be beneficial to an economy. Ultimately, I can say that there is a strong relationship in economic growth and access to sanitation and I can also say that the EKC does apply to the water pollution we have in the real world. Finally I can also say that the level of the turning point also depends on the stages of economic development.